Natural Catastrophes And Man-Made Disasters In 2015

No 1 /2016 Natural catastrophes and 01 Executive summary man-made disasters in 2015: 02 Catastrophes in 2015: lobal overvie Asia suffers substantial losses 0 eional overvie 1 ian in: a pu­­le of ris€ accumulation an‚ coverae terms 1 ƒeverain technoloy in ‚isaster manaement 21 ables for reportin year 2015 „ erms an‚ selection criteria

Executive summary “n 2015… there ere a recor‚ 1†‡ natural here ere 5 ‚isaster events in 2015… of hich 1†‡ ere natural catastrophes… catastrophesˆ the hihest ever recor‚e‚ in one yearˆ here ere 155 man‰ma‚e eventsˆ Šore than 26 000 people lost their lives or ent missin in the ‚isasters… ‚ouble the number of ‚eaths in 201„ but ell belo the yearly averae since 1††0 of 66 000ˆ he biest loss of life – close to †000 people – came in an earthŒua€e in Nepal in Aprilˆ –lobally… total losses from ‚isasters ere otal economic losses cause‚ by the ‚isasters in 2015 ere Ž‘’ †2 billion… ‚on Ž‘’ †2 billion in 2015… ith most in from Ž‘’ 11 billion in 201„ an‚ belo the inflation‰a‚ uste‚ averae of Ž‘’ 1†2 Asiaˆ Close to †000 people ‚ie‚ in an billion for the previous 10 yearsˆ Asia as har‚est hitˆ he earthŒua€e in Nepal as earthŒua€e in Nepalˆ the biest ‚isaster of the year in economic‰loss terms… estimate‚ at Ž‘’ 6 billion… inclu‚in ‚amae reporte‚ in “n‚ia… China an‚ ”anla‚eshˆ Cyclones in the •acific… an‚ severe eather events in the Ž‘ an‚ Europe also enerate‚ lare lossesˆ “nsure‚ losses ere Ž‘’  billion… lo –lobal insure‚ losses from catastrophes ere Ž‘’  billion in 2015… ell belo relative to the previous 10‰year averaeˆ the inflation‰a‚ uste‚ previous 10‰year averae of Ž‘’ 62 billionˆ he relatively lo level of losses as larely ‚ue to another benin hurricane season in the Ž‘ˆ El Niño in 2015 contribute‚ to eather patterns ‚eviatin from averae climate normsˆ ˜or instance… tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic as suppresse‚… hile the •acific ™cean basin ha‚ a very active seasonˆ he biest insure‚ loss of the year came ™f the insure‚ losses in 2015… Ž‘’ 2‡ billion ere attribute‚ to natural catastrophes from the explosions that roc€e‚ the •ort šabout the same as in 201„› an‚ Ž‘’ † billion to man‰ma‚e events šup from of ian in in China in Auustˆ Ž‘’  billion›ˆ he biest insure‚‰loss as cause‚ by the to massive explosions at the •ort of ian in in China in Auust… ith an estimate‚ property loss of Ž‘’ 2ˆ5 billion to Ž‘’ ˆ5 billion… ma€in it the larest ever recor‚e‚ man‰ma‚e insure‚ loss event in Asiaˆ he next biest insure‚‰loss event as a inter storm in the Ž‘ in ˜ebruaryˆ Another feature of 2015 as that it ill ’espite a harsh inter season in the Ž‘… overall 2015 as the hottest year since 1 o ‚on as the hottest year on recor‚ˆ 1‡50ˆ Exceptionally hih temperatures an‚ lac€ of rainfall cause‚ ‚rouht an‚ Šany reions experience‚ ‚rouht an‚ il‚fires in many reionsˆ “n Europe… summer temperatures remaine‚ above 0°C for il‚fires … lon stretchesˆ Countries in Eastern Europe ere particularly har‚ hit ith ‚rouht con‚itions linerin throuh to the en‚ of the yearˆ he Ž‘ experience‚ its orst year for il‚fires since 1†60 because of the heat an‚ ‚ry con‚itionsˆ žeataves claime‚ a number of lives all over the orl‚ˆ … althouh some countries… such as here ere also severe precipitation eventsˆ “n “n‚ia… the city of Chennai as “n‚ia… the ŽŸ an‚ the Ž‘… experience‚ paralyse‚ by floo‚in after accumulate‚ rainfall of more than 500 mm in November severe rain an‚ floo‚in eventsˆ aloneˆ ƒare sathes of the northern ŽŸ ere un‚er ater in ’ecember ‚ue to heavy rains from three separate stormsˆ •reliminary estimates put the insure‚ losses from the ŽŸ floo‚s at aroun‚ Ž‘’ 2 billionˆ “n several states in the Ž‘… tropical storm activity enerate‚ heavy rains an‚ severe floo‚in in certain areasˆ Countries in Africa… in particular Šalai… Ÿenya an‚ Ša‚aascar… experience‚ severe floo‚s alsoˆ his sigma inclu‚es to feature “n vie of the lare earthŒua€e that struc€ Nepal in April 2015… tremors of hich chapters… one on the ian in explosions ere also felt in ’elhi… this sigma assesses the loss potential of a similarly intense an‚ another on the use of technoloy in event closer to the “n‚ian capital cityˆ he result is total losses in ’elhi of at least ‚isaster manaementˆ Ž‘’ „ billion… larely uninsure‚ˆ he sigma also inclu‚es a special chapter on the explosions in ian in… hich have put a spotliht on accumulation ris€ in lare transportation hubs such as portsˆ Šany assets in ian in – in particular hih‰value cars in transit at the port – ere ‚estroye‚ by the explosionsˆ his… an‚ the imposition of an exclusion ­one at the site… ma‚e it very ‚ifficult for insurers to assess the lossesˆ ˜inally… there is also a feature on the use of aerial an‚ ‚iital technoloies in ‚isaster ris€ manaementˆ 1 “2015: the armest year on recor‚… scientists say”… metoffice.gov.uk… 16 ¤anuary 2016… http://ˆmetofficeˆovˆu€/nes/releases/archive/2016/2015‰lobal‰temperature Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 1

Catastrophes in 2015: lobal overvie Number of events: 5 here ere 1†‡ natural catastrophes in ”ase‚ on sigma criteria… there ere 5 catastrophe events across the orl‚ in 2015… an‚ 155 man‰ma‚e ‚isaster 2015… up from † in 201„ˆ ™f those… 1†‡ ere natural catastrophes… the hihest eventsˆ ever recor‚e‚ in one year… an‚ up from 1†1 in 201„ˆ he remainin 155 events ere man‰ma‚e ‚isasters… also more than the 1„‡ that occurre‚ in 201„ˆ Figure 1 300 Number of catastrophic events… Natural catastrophes 1†0–2015 250 Man-made disasters 200 150 100 50 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Man-made disasters Natural catastrophes ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ he sigma event selection criteriaˆ An event is classifie‚ as a catastrophe an‚ inclu‚e‚ in the sigma ‚atabase hen insure‚ claims… total losses or the number of casualties excee‚ certain threshol‚s… ‚etaile‚ in able1ˆ Table 1 “nsure‚ losses šclaims› he sigma even selection criteria… 2015 Šaritime ‚isasters 1†ˆ million Aviation †ˆ million ™ther losses „‡ˆ‡ million or otal economic losses †ˆ million or Casualties ’ea‚ or missin 20 “n ure‚ 50 žomeless 2000 ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ 2 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Number of victims: more than 26 000 Šore than 26 000 people lost their lives Šore than 26 000 people lost their lives or ent missin in natural an‚ man‰ma‚e in ‚isaster events in 2015ˆ ‚isasters in 2015ˆ he number of lives lost as more than ‚ouble that in 201„… but as still ell belo the yearly averae of aroun‚ 66 000 ‚eaths since 1††0ˆ Šore than 1† 000 people ‚ie‚ in natural Šore than 1† 000 people ere €ille‚ or ent missin in natural catastrophes… the catastrophesˆ ma ority in the ‚evastatin earthŒua€e that struc€ Nepal in Aprilˆ žeataves an‚ other severe eather events in many reions also claime‚ a number of livesˆ here ere nearly 000 ‚eaths in here ere nearly 000 ‚eaths in man‰ma‚e ‚isasters… compare‚ to approximately man‰ma‚e events… many ‚ue to maritime 5†00 in 201„ˆ he sin€in of a boat carryin mirants off the ƒibyan coast on ‚isastersˆ 1† April 2015 €ille‚ more than ‡00… the hihest loss from a sinle event in the Še‚iterranean ‘ea on sigma recor‚sˆ he total number of reporte‚ ‚eaths in maritime ‚isasters rose to 2„‡ from 211‡ in the previous yearˆ Šany more are believe‚ to have ‚ie‚ in unreporte‚ inci‚ents of boats sin€in hile carryin mirants fleein ar‰torn lan‚sˆ A stampe‚e… ma or fires an‚ explosions ™ther man‰ma‚e catastrophes claimin a hih number of victims inclu‚e‚ a an‚ airplane crashes claime‚ many stampe‚e at the annual ža pilrimae in ‘au‚i Arabia here… accor‚in to victimsˆ overnment sources… 6† people ‚ie‚ˆ Aviation ‚isasters too€ 6‡5 lives in 2015… ‚on from †60 in 201„ˆ Šost of the fatalities ere in to crashesˆ “n Šarch… a pilot committe‚ suici‚e by crashin the plane he as flyin into the ˜rench Alps… ta€in ith his the lives of the other 1„† people on boar‚ˆ An‚ in ™ctober… a et crashe‚ in the ‘inai in Eypt… allee‚ly ‚ue to a bomb blast on the plane… €illin 22„ peopleˆ here ere other in‚ivi‚ual man‰ma‚e ‚isasters in 2015… inclu‚in ma or fires an‚ explosions hich too€ 112 victimsˆ Figure 2 10 000 000 Number of victims… 1†0–2015 1 1†0: ”anla‚esh s torm 1 000 000 2 1†6: anshan earthŒua€e… China 1 2 6  1††1: Cyclone –or€y… ”anla‚esh 3 4 5 „ 200„: “n‚ian ™cean earthŒua€e 100 000 an‚ tsunami 7 8 5 200‡: Cyclone Naris… Šyanmar 10 000 6 2010: žaiti earthŒua€e  201: yphoon žaiyan… •hilippines ‡ 2015: EarthŒua€e in Nepal 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Man-made disasters Natural catastrophes Note: scale is loarithmic – the number of victims increases tenfol‚ per ban‚ˆ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 

Catastrophes in 2015: global oeriew otal economic losses: Ž‘’ †2 billion 2 otal economic losses in 2015 ere ell he estimate‚ total economic losses from natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e belo the 10‰year averaeˆ ‚isasters across the orl‚ ere Ž‘’ †2 billion in 2015ˆ his is less than the Ž‘’ 11 billion total loss in 201„… an‚ is ell belo the inflation‰a‚ uste‚ averae of the previous 10 years šŽ‘’ 1†2 billion›ˆ Catastrophe losses in 2015 ere 0ˆ12§ of lobal ross ‚omestic pro‚uct š–’•› versus the 10‰year averae of 0ˆ2‡§ˆ –lobal natural catastrophe‰relate‚ losses Natural catastrophe‰relate‚ total losses ere aroun‚ Ž‘’ ‡0 billion in 2015… ere aroun‚ Ž‘’ ‡0 billionˆ stemmin mostly from earthŒua€es… tropical cyclones… other severe storms an‚ ‚rouhts in Asia… North America an‚ Europeˆ Table 2 Regions S bn  o ­ otal losses… in Ž‘’ billion an‚ § of North America 2† 0ˆ1„§ lobal –’•… 2015 ƒatin America ¦ Caribbean  0ˆ1„§ Europe 1 0ˆ06§ Africa 1 0ˆ05§ Asia ‡ 0ˆ15§ ™ceania/Australia  0ˆ20§ ‘eas / space 1 Total €2 ¨orl‚ total 0ˆ12§ 10‰year averae ©© 1†2 0ˆ2‡§ © roun‚e‚ numbers ©© inflation a‚ uste‚ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ Šan‰ma‚e ‚isasters cause‚ Šan‰ma‚e ‚isasters are estimate‚ to have cause‚ Ž‘’ 12 billion of the total lobal Ž‘’ 12 billion in total lossesˆ losses in 2015… up from Ž‘’ † billion in 201„ˆ 2 ˜rom hereon… referre‚ to as “total losses”ˆ „ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

“nsure‚ losses: Ž‘’  billion “nsure‚ losses ere belo averae aain he insurance in‚ustry covere‚ almost Ž‘’  billion – less than half – of the total last year … losses from natural an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters in 2015… an‚ ell belo the inflation‰ a‚ uste‚ previous 10‰year annual averae of Ž‘’ 62 billionˆ Natural catastrophes resulte‚ in claims of Ž‘’ 2‡ billion… the loest since 200† an‚ aain much loer than the previous 10‰year inflation‰a‚ uste‚ annual averae šŽ‘’ 55 billion›ˆ ƒare man‰ma‚e ‚isasters le‚ to claims of Ž‘’ † billion… up from Ž‘’  billion in 201„ˆ … an‚ eŒuivalent to 0ˆ05§ of –’•ˆ he 2015 natural catastrophe insure‚ losses amounte‚ to 0ˆ0„§ of –’•… an‚ 1ˆ‡§ of ‚irect premiums ritten š’•¨› on property lobally… belo the respective 10‰year annual averaes of 0ˆ0‡§ an‚ ˆ§ˆ ™verall insure‚ losses from natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters ere 0ˆ05§ of –’• an‚ 2ˆ„§ of ’•¨ˆ Figure ‚ 140 “nsure‚ catastrophe losses… 6 9 1†0–2015… Ž‘’ billion at 2015 prices 120 100 1 1††2: žurricane An‚re 2 1††„: Northri‚e earthŒua€e 80 10  1†††: ¨inter ‘torm ƒothar „ 2001: †/11 attac€s 60 5  5 200„: žurricanes “van… Charley… ˜rances 1 4 8 6 2005: žurricanes Ÿatrina… ita… ¨ilma 40 2  200‡: žurricanes “€e… –ustav 20 ‡ 2010: Chile… Ne «ealan‚ earthŒua€es † 2011: ¤apan… Ne «ealan‚ 0 earthŒua€es… hailan‚ floo‚ 10 2012: žurricane ‘an‚y 190 195 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Earthquake/tsunami Weather-related catastrophes Man-made disasters ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ he larest sinle insure‚‰loss event as he larest insurance loss event lobally… of both natural an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters… the ian in port explosions in Chinaˆ as the to explosions at the •ort of ian in in China… hich triere‚ property claims of Ž‘’ 2ˆ5 to Ž‘’ ˆ5 billionˆ he next larest event as a ˜ebruary inter storm in the Ž‘ resultin in insure‚ losses of Ž‘’ 2 billionˆ “n 2015… seven ‚isasters triere‚ insure‚ claims of Ž‘’ 1 billion or more šsee able 6›… compare‚ ith 10 in 201„ˆ he lobal insurance protection ap as ˜iure „ shos the ‚ifference beteen insure‚ an‚ total losses over time… terme‚ Ž‘’ 55 billion in 2015ˆ the insurance protection or fun‚in apˆ “t is the amount of financial loss enerate‚ by catastrophes not covere‚ by insuranceˆ “n 2015… the lobal protection ap as Man-made disasters Ž‘’ 55 billionˆ he rate of roth of total losses has outpace‚ the roth of insure‚ losses over the last 5 yearsˆ “n terms of 10‰year rollin averaes… insure‚ losses Weather-related catastrophes re at 10§ beteen 1†† an‚ 2015… an‚ total losses by 10ˆ„§ˆ As a percentae of –’•… uninsure‚ losses rose from 0ˆ0‡§ in 1†6–1†‡5 to 0ˆ1§ in 2006–2015ˆ Earthquake/tsunami Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 5

Catastrophes in 2015: global oeriew Figure ƒ 450 “nsure‚ vs uninsure‚ losses… 1†0–2015… Ž‘’ billion in 2015 prices 400 350 300 Uninsured losses 250 200 Insured losses 150 100 50 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Insured losses 10-year moving average (total insured lossses) Uninsured losses 10-year moving average (total economic lossses) otal losses ¬ insure‚ ® uninsure‚ lossesˆ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ 6 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

eional overvie he hihest insure‚ losses in 2015 ere ¨inter storms in the Ž‘… alon ith floo‚s an‚ tropical cyclones in many parts of the in Asia an‚ North Americaˆ orl‚ cause‚ the hihest insure‚ losses in 2015ˆ “n Asia… the explosions in ian in an‚ ma or storms cause‚ the biest insure‚ losses in the reion… hile the Nepal earthŒua€e too€ most lives an‚ cause‚ the hihest economic loss of the yearˆ Table ‚ „nsured losses …conomic losses Number of events… victims… economic an‚ Region Number †ictims in  in S bn in  in S bn in  insure‚ losses by reion… 2015 North America 51 2‡ 1ˆ1§ 1ˆ „ˆ1§ 2‡ˆ6 1ˆ2§ ƒatin America ¦ Caribbean 25 „6 2ˆ‡§ ˆ2 ‡ˆ§ ˆ5 ‡ˆ2§ Europe „1 2612 †ˆ†§ 6ˆ2 1ˆ0§ 12ˆ6 1ˆ§ Africa „† „1 1ˆ0§ 0ˆ0 0ˆ1§ 1ˆ2 1ˆ§ Asia 15† 1‡ †16 1ˆ‡§ ˆ0 1†ˆ0§ ˆ „1ˆ1§ ™ceania/Australia 1 5 0ˆ2§ 2ˆ1 5ˆ§ ˆ0 ˆ§ ‘eas / space 15 1† 1ˆ2§ 0ˆ† 2ˆ„§ 1ˆ1 1ˆ2§ ¨orl‚ 5 26 5† 100ˆ0§  100ˆ0§ †2 100ˆ0§ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ North America “n the Ž‘… severe storms… a har‚ inter “n North America… insure‚ losses ere Ž‘’ 1 billion… the hihest of all reionsˆ Šost an‚ floo‚s cause‚ most lossesˆ of the losses came from inter storms… other severe storms… such as thun‚erstorms an‚ torna‚oes… an‚ floo‚ events in the Ž‘ˆ here ere relatively fe catastrophes in Cana‚aˆ ƒosses from the harsh inter season “t as a harsh inter storm season in the Ž‘ for the secon‚ year in a roˆ here ere ere above averaeˆ many inter storms ith heavy snofall an‚ very lo temperaturesˆ “n mi‚‰˜ebruary… a lare storm an‚ relate‚ ice accumulation cause‚ i‚esprea‚ ‚amae in 1 states… ith Šassachusetts har‚est hitˆ he associate‚ insure‚ losses ere estimate‚ to be over Ž‘’ 2 billion… mainly from burst fro­en ater pipes an‚ ice eiht/ater ‚amae to propertyˆ “nsure‚ losses from all the Ž‘ inter storms toether amounte‚ to Ž‘’ ˆ2 billion… ‚ouble the annual averae of the previous 10 yearsˆ orna‚o activity as averae hile Accor‚in to a preliminary count from the ‘torm •re‚iction Centre of the National insure‚ losses from severe storms ere ™ceanic an‚ Atmospheric A‚ministration šN™AA›… there ere 1252 torna‚oes in loer than averaeˆ 2015… the most in one year since 2011 an‚ in line ith the annual averae š1222› of the ’oppler ra‚ar era from the early 1††0sˆ Nevertheless… insure‚ losses from torna‚o outbrea€s an‚ thun‚erstorms ere estimate‚ to have been aroun‚ Ž‘’ 10 billion… loer than in 201„ šŽ‘’ 1 billion› an‚ the previous 10‰year annual averae šŽ‘’ 12 billion›ˆ ™nly one thun‚erstorm cause‚ losses of Ž‘’ 1 billion or more… hile an outbrea€ of E˜ an‚ E˜„ torna‚oes at the en‚ of ’ecember in exas an‚ neihbourin states cause‚ a hih number of fatalitiesˆ he North Atlantic hurricane season he 2015 Atlantic hurricane season pro‚uce‚ 11 name‚ storms šeiht in 201„›… four pro‚uce‚ a belo‰averae number of of hich became hurricanes šsix in 201„› an‚… li€e in 201„… to š’anny an‚ ¤oaŒuin› storms aainˆ attaine‚ the status of ma or hurricanes šCateory  or stroner on the ‘affir‰‘impson scale›ˆ žurricane ¤oaŒuin as the stronest hurricane of the season an‚ the stronest observe‚ in the Atlantic since žurricane “or in 2010ˆ ƒast year as the 10th year in „ succession that no ma or hurricane ma‚e Ž‘ lan‚fall… the lonest stretch since the 1‡60sˆ Accor‚in to the N™AA’s Climate •re‚iction Centre… El Niño curbe‚ storm ‚evelopment iven a combination of stable atmospheric con‚itions… ‚rier air an‚ 5 hih in‚ shear in lare parts of the main hurricane eneration reionˆ 3 E˜¬ Enhance‚ ˜u ita ‘cale 4 ¨hen it ma‚e lan‚fall… žurricane ‘an‚y in 2012 pro‚uce‚ the thir‚‰biest loss ever from a storm eventˆ žoever… it ‚oes not reister as a “ma or” hurricane on the ‘affir‰‘impson scaleˆ 5 “”elo‰normal Atlantic hurricane season en‚s³ active eastern an‚ central •acific seasons shatter recor‚s”… noaanews.noaa.gov… 1 ’ecember 2015…http://ˆnoaanesˆnoaaˆov/ stories2015/120115‰belo‰normal‰atlantic‰hurricane‰season‰en‚s‰active‰eastern‰an‚‰central‰pacific‰ seasons‰shatter‰recor‚sˆhtml Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 

Regional oeriew žeavy rainfalls triere‚ many severe Even thouh no hurricane ma‚e Ž‘ lan‚fall in 2015… tropical storm activity affecte‚ floo‚ events ‚urin the yearˆ several states in the form of intense precipitation… lea‚in to severe floo‚inˆ “n the sprin… the remnants of tropical storm ”ill brouht heavy rain an‚ floo‚in to ™€lahoma an‚ exasˆ “n ™ctober… ‚onpours ‚ue to žurricane ¤oaŒuin hit ‘outh Carolina an‚ li€eise le‚ to heavy floo‚inˆ ¨il‚fires are an ever‰present ha­ar‚ in ™ther parts of the Ž‘ ere ‚ry… an‚ there ere several il‚fires ‚urin the yearˆ the Ž‘ˆ ’rouht con‚itions fuelle‚ il‚fires in California… the most fire‰prone stateˆ he most ‚estructive fire in terms of buil‚ins ‚estroye‚ š10› an‚ number of hectares burne‚ šover 0 000› as the ´alley ˜ire in ƒa€e County… Californiaˆ he insure‚ losses from this event alone ere ust over Ž‘’ 0ˆ† billion… ran€in sixth as the most costly il‚fire in the Ž‘ everˆ here ere also il‚fires in the estern states of ¨ashinton… ™reon an‚ Alas€a… an‚ in Cana‚aˆ “n terms of acres burnt š10ˆ1 million›6… 2015 as the orst year for il‚fires in the Ž‘ since 1†60ˆ µet hile the fires spanne‚ hue areas… only a fe urban areas ere impacte‚ meanin that resi‚ential property‰relate‚ losses ere limite‚ˆ “nsure‚ losses ere belo averae in “n Cana‚a… there ere fe natural ‚isasters in 2015 for a secon‚ year runninˆ he Cana‚aˆ biest loss‰in‚ucin event as a series of thun‚erstorms in Calary… Alberta… in mi‚‰Auust… lea‚in to insure‚ losses of Ž‘’ 0ˆ2 billionˆ Europe ˜loo‚in cause‚ the heaviest losses… “n Europe… natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters cause‚ total losses of particularly in the ŽŸˆ Ž‘’ 1 billion in 2015ˆ ™f those… Ž‘’ 6 billion ere insure‚ˆ he main losses came from heavy precipitation in estern countriesˆ “n ’ecember… severe floo‚in cause‚ ’urin the first ee€ of ’ecember… ‘torm ’esmon‚ brouht very heavy rainfall to ‚evastation across many parts of the north an‚ northest Enlan‚ˆ Šore than 500 houses ere floo‚e‚… most in north an‚ north estern ŽŸˆ Cumbria… an‚ several bri‚es ere ‚estroye‚ˆ ‘tartin from 22 ’ecember… ‘torm Eva brouht usts of more than 5 miles per hour… an‚ pushe‚ the rains south into µor€shire… ƒancashire an‚ –reater Šanchesterˆ hen… ‚urin the last ‚ays of the year… ‘torm ˜ran€ brouht more heavy rain across northern Enlan‚… “relan‚… Northern “relan‚ an‚ ‘cotlan‚ˆ “t as the ettest calen‚ar month an‚ the armest ’ecember  in the ŽŸ since recor‚s bean in 1†10ˆ “n total… about 16 000 homes ere inun‚ate‚ as floo‚ ‚efences ere breache‚ˆ •reliminary estimates put the insure‚ losses from all the ’ecember rains an‚ floo‚in in the ŽŸ at aroun‚ Ž‘’ 2 billionˆ žoever… 2015 as also a hot an‚ ‚ry Earlier in the year… in ™ctober heavy rains an‚ floo‚in hit southeastern ˜ranceˆ year in Europe… lea‚in to increase‚ žoever… overall 2015 as a hot an‚ ‚ry year in continental Europeˆ “n ¤une an‚ mortality an‚ ‚rouhtˆ ¤uly… temperatures remaine‚ above 0°C for lon stretches in many countriesˆ A prolone‚ rainfall shortae that bean in April an‚ the hih summer temperatures cause‚ severe ‚rouht… hich affecte‚ soil moisture content an‚ veetation con‚itionsˆ Countries in Eastern Europe… particularly omania… ere severely affecte‚ an‚ ‚rouht con‚itions linere‚ throuh to the en‚ of the yearˆ he hih summer temperatures also claime‚ a number of victims across Europeˆ •reliminary estimates from statistical offices in‚icate a ‚eath toll of at least 1200ˆ here ere to terror attac€s in •aris in ™f man‰ma‚e ‚isasters… the most prominent event as a series of coor‚inate‚ 2015… the most ‚ea‚ly on 1 Novemberˆ terrorist attac€s in the ˜rench capital •aris on 1 November 2015ˆ ™ne hun‚re‚ an‚ thirty people lost their lives in simultaneous mass shootins… suici‚e bombins an‚ hostae ta€in at various locations in the city… an‚ 51 ere in ure‚ˆ “t as the biest loss of life in one event in continental Europe last yearˆ Also in •aris… in ¤anuary the offices of satirical maa­ine Charlie žeb‚o ere attac€e‚ˆ Eleven people ‚ie‚ˆ 6 “”illion‰’ollar ¨eather an‚ Climate ’isasters: able of Events”… ncdc.noaa.gov… accesse‚ in ¤anuary 2016… http://ˆnc‚cˆnoaaˆov/billions/events 7 “ecor‚in the eather across the ŽŸ”… blog.metoffice.go.uk… ¤anuary 2016… http://bloˆmetofficeˆovˆu€/2016/01/0‡/reportin‰the‰eather‰across‰the‰u€/ an‚ “2015 eather summary – ’ecember”… metoffice.gov.uk, 12 ¤anuary 2016… http://ˆmetofficeˆovˆ u€/climate/u€/summaries/2015/‚ecember ‡ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Asia Asia has suffere‚ the most loss of life As in the previous three years… loss of life ‚ue to natural an‚ man‰ma‚e catastrophes from catastrophic events for four years as hihest in Asia in 2015ˆ “n all… there ere aroun‚ 1† 000 victimsˆ he total cost runninˆ of ‚isaster events in the reion as estimate‚ to be aroun‚ Ž‘’ ‡ billion… of hich more than Ž‘’  billion ere insure‚ˆ ™n 25 April 2015… an earthŒua€e of manitu‚e Š ‡ Aroun‚ † 000 people ‚ie‚ in the ˆ‡ struc€ Nepalˆ he epicentre  earthŒua€e that struc€ Nepal in Aprilˆ as beteen the capital Ÿathman‚u šhome to 1ˆ2 million people› an‚ •o€hara… the nation’s secon‚ larest cityˆ he resultin ‚estruction spanne‚ lare parts of central Nepal… affectin almost half of its ‚istricts inclu‚in isolate‚ mountainous areasˆ he earthŒua€e as ‡ˆ2 €m belo the earth’s surface an‚ cause‚ severe ‚amae in Ÿathman‚uˆ he city lies on a ‚ry la€e be‚… the soil of hich is soft an‚ ust 650 metres ‚eep… hich accentuate‚ the ‚estructive poer of the Œua€eˆ “n all… close to †000 people ere €ille‚… ma€in it the orst ‚isaster in Nepal in over ‡0 yearsˆ he earthŒua€e’s impact ent beyon‚ Nepal… ith casualties an‚ ‚amae reporte‚ in “n‚ia… China an‚ ”anla‚esh alsoˆ otal losses from the earthŒua€e ere estimate‚ to be Ž‘’ 6 billion… most of hich ere uninsure‚ˆ yphoon –oni cause‚ the hihest ¨ith respect to insure‚ losses… the biest natural catastrophe event in Asia as insurance loss of all natural catastrophes yphoon –oni… hich ma‚e lan‚fall in ¤apan on 25 Auustˆ he insure‚ losses ere in Asiaˆ estimate‚ to be Ž‘’ 1ˆ2 billionˆ he typhoon claime‚ ‡† lives… most in the •hilippines an‚ North Ÿorea rather than in ¤apanˆ žeavy monsoon rains hit southern “n‚iaˆ Elsehere… “n‚ia as hit by severe floo‚inˆ “n mi‚‰November… repeate‚ heavy monsoon rains cause‚ floo‚s in the southern states of amil Na‚u an‚ An‚hra •ra‚esh… an‚ in the union territory of •u‚ucherryˆ he cities of Chennai… Cu‚‚alore an‚ Ÿancheepuram an‚ neihbourin ‚istricts ere most affecte‚ˆ he total losses ere estimate‚ to be at least Ž‘’ 2 billionˆ “nsure‚ losses ere Ž‘’ 0ˆ‡ billion… ma€in the floo‚s the secon‚ costliest insurance event in “n‚ia on sigma recor‚sˆ A lare part of the losses oriinate‚ from commercial lines as Chennai is home to several manufacturin companies… particularly in the motor in‚ustryˆ he city of Chennai as paraly­e‚ by the Chennai is a ma or urban an‚ in‚ustrial centre in southern “n‚ia… ith a population of resultin flash floo‚sˆ about ‡ˆ5 millionˆ ¨hile heavy rains in the area are common… ‚urin the northeast monsoon š™ctober–’ecember› of last year… the accumulate‚ rainfall in November alone as in excess of 500 mmˆ ‘ome areas ha‚ more than 250 mm rainfall in ust 2„ hoursˆ his extreme rainfall volume over a short ‚uration paraly­e‚ Chennai… ith ma or ‚isruption to critical infrastructureˆ he event hihlihts the vulnerability of rapi‚ly roin urban areas to flash floo‚s oriinatin from heavy rainsˆ 8 Š is the moment manitu‚e… base‚ on the seismic moment… hich “is a measure of the si­e of an earthŒua€e base‚ on the area of fault rupture… the averae amount of slip… an‚ the force that as reŒuire‚ to overcome the friction stic€in the roc€s toether that ere offset by faultinˆ” ‘ee http://earthŒua€eˆ ussˆov/learn/lossary/¹term¬seismic§20moment Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 †

Regional oeriew ‡iing on the edge: earthˆua‰e haŠard emanating rom the ‹imalaŒan region he žimalayas are one of the orl‚’s he žimalayas… forme‚ by the continental collision of the “n‚ian an‚ Eurasian plates… most seismically ha­ar‚ous reionsˆ have the hihest mountain pea€s in the orl‚ˆ he reion is also one of the most seismically active loballyˆ his is because the northboun‚ un‚er‰thrustin of the “n‚ia plate beneath the Eurasia plate continues to‚ay… at a rate of –„ centimeters per yearˆ he map belo shos the alinment of more recent earthŒua€es alon the plate boun‚ary line… runnin from Assam in the east šhere there as an Š ‡ˆ6  Œua€e in 1†50› to Ÿashmir in the est šthe site of an Š ˆ6 earthŒua€e in 2005›ˆ Figure 5 he žimalayan plate boun‚ary line an‚ the ‚ates of ma or earthŒua€es ‘ource: ‘iss eˆ houh 50 €m aay from the epicentre… remors oriinatin from the epicentre of the April 2015 earthŒua€e in Nepal ere ’elhi felt the tremors of the April Œua€e in also felt in ’elhi… the capital of “n‚ia… almost 50 €m aayˆ Accor‚in to 2011 census Nepalˆ ‚ata… aroun‚ †0§ of ’elhi’s buil‚in stoc€ falls in the cateory of unreinforce‚ masonry… hich is not earthŒua€e resistantˆ Šoreover… ’elhi is locate‚ on the ban€s of iver µamuna on a be‚ of very soft soil… hich can amplify seismic aves an‚ their ‚amae‰causin potentialˆ he presence of a seismic ap in central he žimalayan plate has a seismic ap… that is… an area here plate movement has žimalayas is a ris€ for ’elhiˆ alrea‚y pro‚uce‚ lan‚ ‚eformation but – as of yet – no release of associate‚ enery in the form of an earthŒua€eˆ he ap exten‚s from the reion near the Ÿanra earthŒua€e in 1†05 šsee ˜iure 5› to the epicentre of the 1†„ Nepal earthŒua€e šaroun‚ 00 €m›ˆ he li€elihoo‚ of earthŒua€es in seismic aps is very hih… an‚ the expecte‚ manitu‚e of such an earthŒua€e in the žimalayas is Š ‡ˆ0–‡ˆ5ˆ ’elhi is  much closer to certain areas of the seismic ap than to the epicentre of the April 2015 earthŒua€eˆ “n other or‚s… the city is vulnerable to earthŒua€e ris€ˆ he economic loss from a ma or o assess the loss potential of such an event in ’elhi… ‘iss e simulate‚ the impact earthŒua€e near ’elhi coul‚ amount to of an earthŒua€e of Š ‡ˆ0 manitu‚e ust 1†0 €m aay from the city… ith its  as much as Ž‘’ „ billionˆ epicentre in the žimalayan seismic ap… usin the proprietary Šulti‘NA• toolˆ he simulation assume‚ an insurance penetration rate in ’elhi of 1ˆ„§ˆ† he outcome as a total economic loss of at least “N 20 billion šŽ‘’ „ billion›… ith insure‚ losses of aroun‚ “N 25ˆ2 billion šŽ‘’ „00 million›ˆ An‚… ’elhi is one of “n‚ia’s most populous cityˆ A lare earthŒua€e there oul‚ li€ely also mean lare loss of lifeˆ 9 Indian non-life insurance industry yearbook 2014–15… –eneral “nsurance Council… 2015ˆ https://ˆicouncilˆin/‚onloa‚sˆaspx 10 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Explosions in the port of ian in in China ¨ith respect to man‰ma‚e ‚isasters… the larest insurance loss event of 2015 cause‚ the larest insure‚ loss of 2015ˆ happene‚ in Asiaˆ ™n 12 Auust… to massive explosions at the •ort of ian in in northeast China claime‚ 1 victims an‚ in ure‚ many moreˆ he explosions affecte‚ an area of  €m ra‚ius… causin lare‰scale ‚amae to surroun‚in property an‚ infrastructureˆ he property insurance loss is estimate‚ to be Ž‘’ 2ˆ5 billion to Ž‘’ ˆ5 billionˆ ea‚ more in the special chapter on ian in in this sigmaˆ ƒatin America an‚ the Caribbean “nsure‚ losses in ƒatin America ere over Natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters cause‚ total losses above Ž‘’  billion Ž‘’  billion in 2015ˆ in ƒatin America an‚ the Caribbean in 2015ˆ “nsure‚ losses ere over Ž‘’  billionˆ he main ‚rivers ere earthŒua€es… hurricanes an‚ floo‚sˆ ˜loo‚s hit northern Chileˆ ™n Šarch 25–26… there ere very heavy rains in the Atacama ’esert in northern Chile… one of the ‚riest places on earthˆ he Copiapó iver hich… accor‚in to overnment sources… ha‚ been ‚ry for 1 years… rapi‚ly fille‚ ith rainater an‚ 10 overfloe‚ˆ he roun‚’s roc€ surface an‚ lac€ of veetation meant that the hih volumes of rainater ere not absorbe‚ˆ “nstea‚… there ere massive mu‚flos that hit the cities of Copiapó an‚ Antofaasta in the Atacama an‚ Antofaasta reionsˆ Accor‚in to overnment estimates… the total ‚amae amounte‚ to Ž‘’ 1ˆ5 billionˆ 0 b “nsure‚ losses ere aroun‚ Ž‘’ ˆ„5 illion… the larest insure‚ loss from a natural catastrophe in the reionˆ El Niño/EN‘™ is associate‚ ith arm an‚ et eather alon the coast of •eru an‚ Chileˆ •atricia as the stronest hurricane on ‘imilarly… in 2015 El Niño fuelle‚ the tropical storm season in the eastern •acific… recor‚ in the eastern North •acific an‚ accor‚in to the N™AAˆ he eastern •acific sa 1‡ name‚ storms… inclu‚in 1 Atlantic basinsˆ hurricanes… nine of hich ere ma orˆ “t as the first year since 1†1 that there ere nine ma or hurricanes in the eastern •acificˆ ¨ith in‚ spee‚s of 20 €m/h… žurricane •atricia as the stronest hurricane on recor‚ in both the Atlantic an‚ the 11 eastern North •acific basinsˆ žoever… it ‚i‚ not hit heavily populate‚ areas hen it ma‚e lan‚fall in Šexico… an‚ the insure‚ losses ere mo‚erateˆ he remnants of •atricia ‚i‚ brin rainfall to exas… thouhˆ he combine‚ Šexico/exas insure‚ losses are estimate‚ to have been Ž‘’ 0ˆ billionˆ here ere some lare man‰ma‚e A fire an‚ explosion on a ‚rillin platform in the ”ay of Campeche… Šexico… cause‚ ‚isasters in ƒatin America in 2015ˆ the biest man‰ma‚e loss of the reionˆ “n another ‚isaster in November… a tailins ‚am at an iron ore mine in Šinas –erais… ”ra­il… burst causin sinificant ‚amae an‚ environmental pollution as mu‚ travelle‚ throuh ateraysˆ 10 “˜loo‚in in Chile’s Atacama ’esert after years’ orth of rain in one ‚ay”… climate.gov, 16 April 2015… https://ˆclimateˆov/nes‰features/event‰trac€er/floo‚in‰chile§E2§‡0§††s‰atacama‰‚esert‰ after‰years§E2§‡0§††‰orth‰rain‰one‰‚ay 11 “žurricane •atricia is stronest recor‚e‚ in Eastern Nortn •acific”… orld eteorlogical rganiation… 12 ™ctober 2015… https://ˆmoˆint/me‚ia/content/hurricane‰patricia‰stronest‰recor‚e‚‰eastern‰ north‰pacific Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 11

Regional oeriew ™ceania Šany ‚isasters cause‚ insure‚ losses for Natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters in 2015 cause‚ insure‚ losses of Ž‘’ 2ˆ1 billion in ™ceania… mainly in Ž‘’ 2ˆ1 billion in ™ceania… primarily from thun‚erstorms an‚ tropical cyclonesˆ “n Australiaˆ April… a poerful storm system brouht lare hail an‚ stron in‚s to Ne ‘outh ¨ales… causin insure‚ losses of Ž‘’ 0ˆ billion… the costliest catastrophe event in Australia an‚ the reion last yearˆ ™ther severe storms… tropical cyclone Šarcia an‚ bushfires a‚‚e‚ to the overall insure‚ tally for the reionˆ Šarcia as the most intense cyclone to ma€e lan‚fall… an‚ also the most intense recor‚e‚ so far south on 12 the eastern coast of Australiaˆ ‘everal outbrea€s of bushfires ‚estroye‚ homes an‚ vast areas of crop lan‚ in ‘outh Australia… ´ictoria an‚ ¨estern Australia last yearˆ Africa “n Africa… over 000 people ‚ie‚ in Natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters in Africa claime‚ „1 lives an‚ ‚isaster events in 2015ˆ cause‚ total losses of Ž‘’ 1ˆ2 billion in 2015ˆ he insure‚ losses ere minorˆ At the beinnin of the year… 2‡6 people ‚ie‚ in floo‚s in Šalai… an‚ close to 250 000 people ere left homelessˆ ƒosses from the thousan‚s of houses ‚estroye‚ or ‚amae‚ ere estimate‚ to be Ž‘’ 0ˆ„ billionˆ ˜loo‚s also hit Ÿenya… hile Ša‚aascar as affecte‚ by both floo‚s an‚ tropical storm Che‚­aˆ µet aain… terrorism contribute‚ to lare loss of life in the reionˆ “n a un attac€ at a Žniversity in –arissa… Ÿenya… 1„‡ stu‚ents lost their livesˆ 12 “Annual Climate eport 2015”… bom.gov.au… 2016 http://ˆbomˆovˆau/climate/annual½sum/2015/Annual‰Climate‰eport‰2015‰ƒˆp‚f 12 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

ian in: a pu­­le of ris€ accumulation an‚ coverae terms he explosions in ian in in 2015 ™n 12 Auust 2015… to massive explosions at a arehouse in the •ort of ian in in enerate‚ accumulate‚ losses across China claime‚ 1 victims… in ure‚ close to ‡00… an‚ cause‚ lare‰scale ‚amae to multiple lines of insurance businessˆ surroun‚in property an‚ infrastructureˆ he severity of the blasts an‚ lare asset exposures at the time mean that the ian in event is the biest man‰ma‚e insurance loss event ever recor‚e‚ in Asiaˆ he i‚e rane of insurance policies impacte‚ by the explosions… an‚ the complexity of interpretation of coverae beteen policy classes… ma€e for an interestin case stu‚yˆ he ian in experience also puts a spotliht on ris€ accumulation controls at ma or tra‚in hubs an‚ in‚ustrial par€sˆ he event ian in’s port is the ateay to ”ei in ian in is in northeast Chinaˆ “t is the closest startin point to the Asia‰Europe lan‚ an‚ China’s in‚ustrial northeastˆ bri‚e an‚ ateay to the country’s capital ”ei inˆ “n 201… it ran€e‚ as the orl‚’s 1 thir‚ larest port in terms of caro volume an‚ the 10th for container trafficˆ “t has 2 an in‚ustrial an‚ petrochemicals complex coverin about 115 €m ˆ he port is the main loistics hub for China’s automotive in‚ustry… accountin for „0§ of all car imports an‚ exports… an‚ serves the same function for components an‚ materials for a number of other in‚ustries… inclu‚in healthcare an‚ electronicsˆ o hue blasts rippe‚ throuh a he to explosions at ian in on 12 Auust ere triere‚ by a fire in a arehouse in loistics par€ at the port in Auustˆ one of the port’s several loistics par€sˆ he arehouse as storin ha­ar‚ous an‚ 1„ flammable materials… such as ammonium nitrateˆ ™f the 1 victims … 10„ ere firefihters calle‚ out to extinuish the initial fireˆ Accor‚in to the China EarthŒua€e A‚ministration… the first blast reistere‚ a manitu‚e of Š 2ˆ an‚ the secon‚  Š 15 2ˆ†ˆ he explosions enerate‚ a fireball an‚ sent shoc€aves across an area of  several‰€ilometre ra‚ius… leavin a lare crater in the roun‚ˆ •roperties a‚ acent to the site of the blasts… mostly container yar‚s an‚ automotive storae facilities… ere ‚estroye‚… as ere thousan‚s of ne vehicles in transit par€e‚ nearbyˆ Accor‚in to a recently issue‚ official report from the Chinese authorities… 0„ buil‚ins… 12 „2‡ 16 vehicles an‚ 5 containers ere ‚estroye‚ˆ “n a‚‚ition… ‚ue to the sheer intensity of the blasts… thousan‚s of vehicles an‚ properties ithin a 5 €m ra‚ius sustaine‚ ‚amae ranin from severe to non‰structural še… shattere‚ in‚os or ust ‚ust cover›ˆ “nsurers estimate the total number of affecte‚ cars to be a multiple of the 12 „2‡ mentione‚ in the official reportˆ “ronically… the port’s shippin terminals ere larely unscathe‚ˆ As the blasts happene‚ in one of many storae an‚ loistic operations areas… overall port activity as shut ‚on for a fe ‚ays onlyˆ Accor‚in to the official report… Accor‚in to reports of official sources… the fire starte‚ in a arehouse after the auto‰inition of nitro‰cotton spar€e‚ a ettin aent €eepin a supply of nitro‰cotton in a container ‚amp… evaporate‚ in fire that le‚ to the explosionsˆ the hih temperatures an‚ auto‰inite‚ˆ he fire Œuic€ly sprea‚ to other chemicals store‚ at the site inclu‚in ammonium nitrate… hich triere‚ the ‚evastatin 1 explosionsˆ here is an alternative an‚ i‚ely‰hel‚ belief that attempts by firefihters to put out the initial fire coul‚ have triere‚ the blasts or manifie‚ their intensityˆ he overnment… hoever… maintains that this as not the caseˆ Either ay… the event calls for a revie of safety reulations for the storin of ha­ar‚ous materials… an‚ stroner enforcement of associate‚ proce‚uresˆ 13 orld ort anking 201 … American Association of •ort Authorities http://ˆaapa‰portsˆor/“n‚ustry/contentˆcfm¹“temNumber¬†00¾‘tatistics 14 165 people ere €ille‚ an‚ eiht are still missinˆ ‘ee A ’uc€ett… “ian in blast blame‚ on mismanaement”… ­€e ‚€emical ƒngineer… ‡ ˜ebruary 2016… http://ˆtceto‚ayˆcom/latest§20nes/2016/february/tian in‰blast‰blame‚‰on‰mismanaementˆ aspx¾ˆ´rn2c½2a1 15 “‘tatement of Šr •u µun ¿iao… member of the China EarthŒua€e A‚ministration”… as reporte‚ in “ ”… „in€ua… 1 Auust… 2015… http://nesˆxinhuanetˆcom/science/2015‰ ‡/1/c½1„511†61ˆhtm 16 “ian in blast probe suests action aainst 12 people”… „in€ua… 5 ˜ebruary 2016… http://nesˆ xinhuanetˆcom/enlish/2016‰02/05/c½150‡†0ˆhtm 17 A ’uc€ett… opˆ citˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 1

TianŽin: a puŠŠle o ris‰ accumulation and coerage terms he authorities enforce‚ an exclusion “n a‚‚ition to flammable materials… lare amounts of toxic so‚ium cyani‚e ere ­one to facilitate clean‰up or€ˆ bein store‚ at the siteˆ he ris€ of follo‰up explosions prompte‚ the authorities to impose a  €m exclusion ­one aroun‚ the blast area until 25 Auustˆ Access ithin a 1ˆ5 €m ra‚ius remaine‚ restricte‚ even thereafter ‚ue to onoin clean‰up operationsˆ he challene of loss estimation an‚ claims a‚ u‚ication in ian in he exclusion ­one has ‚elaye‚ he ian in explosions have presente‚ insurers ith a number of challenes… not assessment of the full lossˆ least lac€ of access to the affecte‚ area to assess the full extent of ‚amae an‚ resultin insurance claimsˆ he imposition of the exclusion ­ones meant that formal loss a‚ ustment ithin those areas as not possibleˆ he exclusion ­ones ere lifte‚… but access remaine‚ restricte‚ˆ As such… the level of insure‚ losses in the ­ones še… to cars an‚ caro containers› have been estimate‚ in total loss terms… or have been 1‡ base‚ on forensic accountinˆ ’rones an‚ satellite imaery enable‚ a obots an‚ pre‰ an‚ post‰event ‚rone an‚ satellite imaery have helpe‚ loss first assessment of exposuresˆ assessmentˆ ’rones ere sent in to ta€e pictures of the ‚isaster site imme‚iately after the explosionsˆ hese imaes ere compare‚ ith satellite imaes of the site ta€en prior to the eventˆ he comparison provi‚e‚ a vie of the extent of ‚estruction… an‚ also of the hih number of vehicles an‚ containers on the site at the time of the explosionˆ “nitial loss assessments have been base‚ on this informationˆ “nitial estimates in‚icate insure‚ losses ”ase‚ on ‘iss e’s latest estimates… the total insure‚ property loss of the ian in cause‚ by the blasts ill total Ž‘’ explosions is li€ely to be aroun‚ Ž‘’ 2ˆ5 billion to Ž‘’ ˆ5 billion… ma€in it the 2ˆ5 billion to Ž‘’ ˆ5 billionˆ larest man‰ma‚e insure‚ loss event in Asia ever recor‚e‚ˆ he estimate is base‚ on… amon other… the net loss estimates from re/insurers’ thir‚‰Œuarter or full‰year 2015 results… here availableˆ Assumptions ere ma‚e for those insurers hich have not yet release‚ claims estimatesˆ he estimate is a or€in assumption an‚ is sub ect to revisionˆ ’estroye‚ an‚ ‚amae‚ vehicles As first claims ere file‚… it became clear that ‚amae to the thousan‚s of ne account for most of the lossesˆ vehicles par€e‚ at an‚ near the blast site oul‚ ma€e up most of the insurance claimsˆ he containers there at the time ere mostly empty… an‚ ‚amae to containers… caro… arehouses… infrastructure… machinery an‚ eŒuipment account for a much smaller proportion of the lossesˆ ”usiness/continent business interruption… aviation… liability… personal acci‚ent an‚ life claims li€eise account for a small portion of the lossesˆ “f the par€e‚ vehicles ere in transit… Even thouh the main loss – to ne cars – is €non… uncertainties ith respect to claims oul‚ come un‚er marine caro the types of policies involve‚ remainˆ “f the vehicles at the site at the time of the insurance coveraeˆ explosion ere in transit… they oul‚ li€ely be covere‚ by marine insurance policiesˆ ‘tan‚ar‚ marine caro insurance usually covers onshore storae up to a certain number of ‚ays… ‚epen‚in on policy terms… once the caro is loa‚e‚ off the shipsˆ ”ut if ian in as the final port of “f ian in as the final port of ‚estination for the vehicles… their next transfer bein to ‚estination for the vehicles… claims coul‚ a point‰of‰sales in China… claims coul‚ come un‚er property insuranceˆ žoever… this be un‚er property insuranceˆ transfer is often ‚one throuh a local holesaler li€e China Automobile ra‚in Co šCAC›… hile other car manufacturers have their on ‚istribution operationsˆ “f car imports are channele‚ throuh a local holesaler or subsi‚iary… it is not Œuite so simple to ‚etermine hether the manufacturer’s caro policy or the local entity’s property or ‚omestic transport policy respon‚s… or hether the to covers are overlappinˆ ˜urther… it is sometimes ‚ifficult to ascertain hich entity hel‚ title to the par€e‚ vehicles at the time of the explosions an‚… accor‚inly… hether the loss falls un‚er the marine caro or property insurance policies ta€en outˆ 18 he branch of accountin use‚ for enaements resultin from actual or anticipate‚ ‚isputesˆ ‘ee https://enˆi€ipe‚iaˆor/i€i/˜orensic½accountin 1„ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

ax treatment ill affect the final “n a‚‚ition… if the vehicles ha‚ one throuh customs an‚ ere ‚eeme‚ to be valuation of vehicle claimsˆ importe‚ into China alrea‚y… the ‚eclare‚ oo‚s šsale› price… inclu‚in import levies… coul‚ apply for loss assessment purposes… ‚epen‚in on policy termsˆ hat oul‚ be consi‚erably hiher than the manufacturin or replacement value: custom ‚uties an‚ taxes on importe‚ cars in China can ma€e up for up to 50§ of the retail sellin price… or even more ‚epen‚in on the si­e of the enineˆ he total number of cars in the affecte‚ area at the time may be €non… but it is not possible to ascertain from the par€in position alone hether customs ‚uties an‚ taxes have alrea‚y been pai‚ on these vehiclesˆ he extent of ‚amae to vehicles further ´ehicles outsi‚e the 1ˆ5 €m exclusion ­one but ithin the  €m an‚ even further out aay from the centre of the blast is not ere also ‚amae‚… an‚ it is not clear ho ba‚lyˆ “n these cases… the Œuestion for clear… hich further complicates loss assessment purposes is hether the vehicles shoul‚ be “ritten‰off” as valuation assessmentˆ unsaleable… or hether they have resale value post cleanin an‚ repairˆ “f the latter… an actual sale price or neotiate‚ ‚epreciation rate for repaire‚ vehicles coul‚ be applie‚ to ‚etermine the resi‚ual value of a carˆ žoever… until a sufficient number of such sales have ta€en place… it ill be ‚ifficult to assess the amount of ‚epreciationˆ ˜urther… so‰calle‚ bran‚ clauses coul‚ increase loss estimates… ‚epen‚in on policy termsˆ ‘ome bran‚ clauses ive i‚e ‚iscretion to the insure‚ to claim total loss for a car ith ust limite‚ ‚amae… because sellin a repaire‚ vehicle coul‚ harm bran‚ reputationˆ his oul‚ be particularly relevant for cars ith no physical ‚amae… but here customers coul‚ have concerns about buyin a vehicle that as in the port of ian in hen the explosions occurre‚ˆ “™pen policies” for caro insurance a‚‚ ˜or caro an‚ containers… there is an a‚‚e‚ complexityˆ he i‚ely‰use‚ system of another un€non factor in final valuationˆ open policies for caro insurance šith a rate base‚ on turnover for a storae facility rather than ‚eclarations of the precise shipment› means that an insurer ‚oes not €no hat insure‚ caro is in a specific container or the exact value of its contentsˆ “n‚ications are that most of the vehicle “nformation alrea‚y publishe‚ by re/insurers suests that the ma ority of vehicle claims ill ultimately fall un‚er property claims in ian in fall un‚er the property insurance cateory… mostly arisin from hih‰ insuranceˆ value importe‚ cars at the onshore storae stae of their ourney to mar€etˆ žoever… the sheer volume of the ‚estroye‚ an‚ ‚amae‚ cars an‚ the numerous loss a‚ ustment an‚ a‚ u‚ication challenes as ‚escribe‚ above leaves the total insurance loss in a state of fluxˆ he very hih number of cars on the site suests some may have been there for an exten‚e‚ perio‚ˆ his coul‚ in‚icate that car manufacturers or importers use ports as interme‚iate storae facilities… somethin insurers may not have been aare of previouslyˆ he hih number of par€e‚ vehicles coul‚ also be in‚icative of the recent ‚onturn in the Chinese economyˆ •uttin the pieces of the pu­­le toether •roperty an‚ caro present ma or ris€ he si­e of the insure‚ loss of any ‚isaster event is larely ‚riven by the accumulation accumulation factors in ports… especially of ris€s simultaneously expose‚ to the same eventˆ •orts… arehouses… caro storae in bi centres li€e ian inˆ facilities an‚ in‚ustrial par€s are amon the locations ith most ris€ accumulation potentialˆ he concentration of store‚… loa‚e‚ an‚ unloa‚e‚ caro… infrastructure an‚ other in‚ustrial an‚ commercial activities mean in‚ustrial acci‚ents in… an‚ severe eather events at… these locations can enerate ma or accumulate‚ losses across multiple lines of businessˆ ‘uch as the case in ian inˆ he explosions happene‚ in a property close to lare storae an‚ transit spaces… here many hih‰ value ne cars ere par€e‚… an‚ also close to other in‚ustrial an‚ commercial buil‚ins typical of a ma or tra‚in hubˆ he explosions impacte‚ many ris€s simultaneously… an‚ there ere lare losses across many lines of businessˆ rac€in caro exposure is challeninˆ he shippin in‚ustry an‚ marine an‚ property insurers are ell aare of the potential for lare losses from accumulation of ris€sˆ žoever… Œuantifyin losses in caro areation points such as very lare container vessels or ports at any iven time is ‚ifficultˆ ‘ome re/insurers have ‚evelope‚ formal mo‚els to better un‚erstan‚ these ris€s… an‚ so improve the insurability of potential accumulate‚ lossesˆ žoever… ian in also shos that there nee‚s to be more ris€ mappin in areation points to better un‚erstan‚ exposure accumulationsˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 15

TianŽin: a puŠŠle o ris‰ accumulation and coerage terms Capturin the spatial ‚istribution of caro Catastrophe mo‚ellin has tra‚itionally focuse‚ on static ris€s… such as buil‚ins an‚ is critical to an un‚erstan‚in of port infrastructures… inclu‚in those ithin portsˆ Šo‚ellin mobile ris€s such as ships accumulationˆ an‚ caro… an‚ ho the ris€s accumulate in ‚istribution centres… has alays been a 1† challeneˆ Accumulation manaement for caro usually involves co‚in the exposure as arehouse content usin fixe‚ location ‚ata… such as the central point of the portˆ žoever… ports are lare an‚ framente‚… often consistin of separate areas spannin €ilometers… as is the case of ian inˆ •roper caro mo‚elin must correctly account for the eoraphic ‚istribution of exposureˆ A‚vance‚ metho‚s are reŒuire‚ to a‚‚ress the complexity of these ‚istributionsˆ he shippin in‚ustry an‚ insurers can EŒuippin expensive oo‚s an‚ caro containers ith active sensors coul‚ help use the ian in experience to better‰ trac€ exposureˆ ”i ’ata an‚ smart analytics coul‚ ma€e marine ‚ata more un‚erstan‚ ris€ accumulation in ports… accessible… enablin better assessment of caro ris€ accumulations an‚ creatin an‚ on vessels tooˆ reater scope for mo‚ellinˆ he shippin in‚ustry an‚ insurers shoul‚ use the ian in experience as an opportunity to promote more robust un‚erstan‚in of ho exposures accumulateˆ “t is not only fires an‚ explosions that pose a ris€ˆ •orts an‚ ships can also be struc€ by natural catastrophes… as in the case of žurricane ‘an‚y in 2012ˆ20 “n all cases… a complex pu­­le of marine an‚ property cumulative loss scenarios can resultˆ he complexities presente‚ by the he ian in explosions are a remin‚er that lare‰scale man‰ma‚e in‚ustrial explosions have challene‚ the catastrophe events ‚o happenˆ he ‚isaster also thros liht on some ne insurance in‚ustryˆ consi‚erationsˆ “n particular… the sheer volume of motor vehicles involve‚ turne‚ some simple coverae issues into one of the biest challenes that the insurance in‚ustry has ever face‚ˆ ian in also shos that man‰ma‚e ‚isasters can have a ma or impact on a lobal an‚ complex scale… iven the lare number of sta€ehol‚ers sprea‚ across ‚ifferent uris‚ictions… each ith their on reulatory frameor€ˆ he ian in experience also hihlihts the ian in coul‚ ultimately become one of the larest man‰ma‚e insurance loss events ne potential ris€s facin ‚evelopin orl‚i‚e ever recor‚e‚ šsee able „›ˆ he event shos the lare loss potential in a countries ith rapi‚ly‰‚evelopin country li€e China… ith a fast‰roin economyˆ “f further evi‚ence is nee‚e‚… in economiesˆ 201 a fire at a ma or hih‰tech semicon‚uctor plant in ¨uxi… also in China… cause‚ insure‚ losses of Ž‘’ 0ˆ† billionˆ 2015 as the thir‚ year in a ro that the biest man‰ma‚e loss lobally oriinate‚ from an emerin mar€et… a remin‚er of the importance of insurance for ‚evelopin countriesˆ ˜inancial protection throuh insurance is €ey to restorin business operations an‚ recoupin lossesˆ Accurate assessment of exposures… appropriate coverae terms an‚ a‚eŒuate pricin are li€eise crucialˆ ˜or re/insurers… they nee‚ to actively i‚entify… monitor an‚ manae exposures in ha­ar‚ ­ones an‚ in areas ith hih asset‰value concentrationsˆ Table ƒ ‘ear CountrŒ …ent „nsured loss †ictims ƒarest man‰ma‚e insure‚ losses 2001 Ž‘ error attac€ on ¨C… •entaon… other buil‚ins 25ˆ2 2 †‡2 lobally… in Ž‘’ billion at 2015 prices 1†‡‡ ŽŸ Explosion on platform •iper Alpha ˆ0 16 2015 China Explosions at a arehouse storin ha­ar‚ous 2ˆ5 to ˆ5© 1 chemicals at ian in •ort 1†‡† Ž‘ ´apour clou‚ explosion at petrochemical plant 2ˆ„ 2 1†† Ž‘ ’amae at nuclear poer station 1ˆ„ 2001 ˜rance Explosion ‚estroys fertili­er plant 1ˆ 0 ©provisional ‘ource: ‘iss eˆ 19 …afe €avens† easuring natural catastro‡€e eˆ‡osure to cargo traded t€roug€ ‡orts… ‘iss e… 2010ˆ 20 žurricane ‘an‚y ‚estroye‚ thousan‚s of recreational boats alon the eastern coast of Ž‘ an‚ cause‚ sinificant ‚amae on many of the facilities of the •ort of Ne µor€ an‚ Ne ¤erseyˆ 16 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

ƒeverain technoloy in ‚isaster manaement Žsin technoloies to buil‚ €nole‚e echnoloy can be use‚ to better he lessons of past ‚isaster events can help buil‚ reater resilience by informin un‚erstan‚ the ris€s pose‚ by ‚ifferent ‚ecisions ith respect to puttin in place mitiatin infrastructure an‚ financial perils … resources špublic an‚ private sector›ˆ his chapter loo€s at ho aerial an‚ ‚iital technoloies are use‚ to better un‚erstan‚ the ris€s pose‚ by perils… but is not a comprehensive revie of all opportunitiesˆ he chapter specifically covers: ̤ Žnmanne‚ aerial vehicles šŽA´›… such as ‚rones… an‚ ho these can help in post‰ ‚isaster assessment an‚ response³ ̤ emote sensin techniŒues… such as “nterferometric synthetic aperture ra‚ar š“n‘A – see box “Šonitorin roun‚ ‚eformations from space”›³ an‚ ̤ “mprove‚ location intellience… early arnin an‚ relief response via social me‚ia an‚ cro‚sourcinˆ21 … an‚ also inform post‰‚isaster response hese technoloies can be important tools in ‚isaster ris€ manaement strateyˆ an‚ loisticsˆ hey can improve post‰‚isaster assessment an‚ response loistics… an‚ can be use‚ to buil‚ a €nole‚e profile of an area or specific property… inclu‚in proximity to natural catastrophe ris€sˆ his is information that can also be use‚ for insurance purposes – in ris€ mo‚ellin… un‚erritin… an‚ real‰time ‚isaster trac€in an‚ loss assessment… an‚ in the ‚esin of catastrophe insurance solutionsˆ Figure ’ Ne technoloies in ‚isaster ris€ manaement ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultinˆ ­ost-disaster assessment and response mechanisms ŽA´s are increasinly bein use‚ as he rapi‚ ‚evelopment of ŽA´ technoloy has enable‚ reater use of ‚rones as remote sensin an‚ imain ‚evices in imain platforms to complement the visuals pro‚uce‚ by satellites an‚ manne‚ post‰‚isaster reconnaissanceˆ aircraftˆ ’rones have the a‚vantae of bein small… lo‰cost an‚ able to closely survey an‚ photoraph lare areas more efficientlyˆ ’amae‚ areas sometimes cannot be seen by satellites an‚ manne‚ aircraft… for example ‚ue to clou‚ cover… or may be inaccessible for first‰han‚ human inspection ‚ue to contamination or transport outaes after a ‚isaster eventˆ ’rones can also survey ob ects from the si‚e rather than ust from above… an‚ can facilitate ’ reconstruction of an environment usin stereoscopic camerasˆ hese are valuable inputs for improve‚ ‚amae assessmentˆ 21 Cro‚sourcin is the practice of solicitin contributions from a lare roup of peopleˆ ‘ee https://enˆi€ipe‚iaˆor/i€i/Cro‚sourcin Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 1

‡eeraging technologŒ in disaster management “n 2015… the commercial ‚eployment of he first ‚eployment of ‚rones in a ‚isaster event came after žurricane Ÿatrina in ‚rones in ‚isaster situations became 2005ˆ en years later… their use has become mainstreamˆ ˜or example: mainstreamˆ ̤ “n the •ort of ian in… ‚rones ere use‚ to ta€e pictures of the site hit by the ‚evastatin explosions of 12 Auust 2015 imme‚iately after the eventˆ hese ere compare‚ ith satellite imaes ta€en prior to the blasts hich shoe‚ the number of vehicles… caro an‚ containers on site at the time of the explosionˆ he before an‚ after comparison enable‚ initial loss assessmentˆ his oul‚ not have been possible ithout ‚rones because of the  €m‰ra‚ius exclusion ­one enforce‚ at the siteˆ he alternative oul‚ have been to use manne‚ aircraft to ta€e pictures after the event from hih altitu‚e… hich oul‚ have been more expensive an‚ may not have pro‚uce‚ the same Œuality imaesˆ ̤ “n ’ecember 2015… ‚rones ere use‚ to ta€e pictures over Cumbria in the ŽŸ after lare areas ere floo‚e‚ ‚ue to ‘torm ’esmon‚ˆ he imaes alloe‚ for better response plannin… an‚ loss a‚ usters use‚ them to i‚entify the orst‰ affecte‚ areas an‚ properties for hich claims ere reporte‚… hich in turn facilitate‚ initial claims reservinˆ22 ̤ ‘imilarly… for the first time in Australia… insurers use‚ ‚rones to assess the ‚amae cause‚ by bushfires in ´ictoria on Christmas ’ay 2015ˆ2 ̤ “n the Ž‘… the use of ‚rones by insurers is a roin tren‚ an‚… for the first time… in 2015 the ˜e‚eral Aviation A‚ministration rante‚ reulatory approval to insurance firms to use ‚rones for commercial purposesˆ2„ ‘ocial me‚ia is becomin a valuable ‘ocial me‚ia can li€eise be hihly effective in ‚isaster situations… for example to communications tool in ‚isaster sen‚ early arnin sinalsˆ ¨hen an Š 5ˆ† manitu‚e earthŒua€e hit near scenariosˆ ichmon‚… ´irinia in the Ž‘ in Auust 2011… itter users in Ne µor€ rea‚ about the Œua€e 0 secon‚s before they themselves felt the roun‚ sha€inˆ25 “n some situations… such as ‚urin žurricane ‘an‚y in 2012… social me‚ia platforms li€e itter an‚ ˜aceboo€… an‚ voice over internet protocol š´o“•›‰base‚ applications such as ‘€ype… can be a primary source of communicationˆ ‘an‚y €noc€e‚ out poer to millions of people in Ne ¤ersey… ho instea‚ receive‚ up‚ates from the authorities an‚ the emerency services before an‚ ‚urin the storm usin their mobile ‚evicesˆ26 ‘ocial me‚ia has infiltrate‚ less‰connecte‚ populations alsoˆ “n an example of “technoloy leapfroin”… in the aftermath of the ‚evastatin earthŒua€e that hit Ÿathman‚u in April 2015… the fe people ith connection to the li€es of ˜aceboo€ ere able to use the netor€s to collect an‚ share informationˆ2 ‡ocation intelligence ƒocation intellience is crucial for Ÿnole‚e of the location of insurable assets an‚ their proximity to natural ‚isaster ‚isaster ris€ manaement an‚ ris€s… couple‚ ith ne analytical tools… can improve ris€ mitiationˆ emote sensin un‚erritinˆ tools such as “n‘A can be use‚ to support these efforts an‚ help insurers improve ris€ mo‚els an‚ pricin šsee belo›ˆ 22 “’rones ill transform loss a‚ ustin”… Insurance ‰ay… 2 ¤anuary 2016ˆ 23 “Australia: “A– is first to use ‚rones to assess Nat CA ‚amae”… Šsia Insurance eview… 1 ¤anuary 2016… http://ˆasiainsurancerevieˆcom/Nes/´ie‰Nesƒetter‰Article/i‚/„6†/ype/e’aily 24 “žo “nsurers Are acin o A‚opt ’rones “n ™ne Chart”… ‚‹ Insig€ts… „ ¤anuary 2016… https://ˆ cbinsihtsˆcom/blo/insurance‰firm‰‚rone‰exemptions/ 25 ˆ ˜or‚… “East Coast resi‚ents rea‚ about ’ˆCˆ earthŒua€e before feelin it themselves”… t€e€ollywoodre‡orter.com… 2 Auust 2011… http://ˆhollyoo‚reporterˆcom/nes/earthŒua€e‰ titter‰users‰learne‚‰tremors‰226„‡1 26 Šˆ Šussoline… “‘an‚y •roves ‘ocial Še‚ia Can ”e •oerful in a žurricane”… accuweat€er.com, 1 Auust 201… http://ˆaccueatherˆcom/en/eather‰nes/social‰me‚ia‰an‚‰hurricanes‰ ‚isasters/†55052 An‚… accor‚in to a recent stu‚y by the Žniversity of ‘an ˜rancisco… in the Ž‘ over 0§ of people in ‚isaster situations use social me‚ia to communicate ith relativesˆ ‘ee ‘ˆ homas… “‘ocial Še‚ia Chanin the ¨ay ˜EŠA espon‚s to ’isaster”… National ’efense Šaa­ine… ‘eptember 201ˆ 27 “‘ocial Še‚ia ”ecomes a ƒifeline in the Nepal EarthŒua€e Aftermath”… globalvoices.org… 26 April 2015… https://lobalvoicesˆor/2015/0„/26/lobal‰social‰me‚ia‰lifeline‰in‰nepal‰earthŒua€e‰aftermath/ 1‡ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

“onitoring ground deormations rom space “n‘A is a mappin tool of roun‚ “nterferometric synthetic aperture ra‚ar š“n‘A› is a techniŒue for mappin roun‚ ‚eformations usin ra‚ar imaesˆ ‚eformationsˆ o ‚etect chanes in the earth’s surface… to or more ra‚ar imaes of a select area are ta€en from approximately the same position in space… but at ‚ifferent timesˆ ”y bouncin sinals from a ra‚ar satellite off the roun‚ in successive orbits an‚ comparin the imaes… “n‘A can ‚etect even subtle chanes 2‡ in the lan‚ surface – up… ‚on or si‚eays šsee ˜iure ›ˆ Figure ” “n‘A maps rea‚ roun‚ ‚eformation by measurin reflecte‚ echo of ra‚ar sinals from an earth‰orbitin satellite ‘ource: ¤et •ropulsion ƒaboratory… NA‘Aˆ Active… but previously thouht ‚ormant… “n‘A has been use‚ to monitor an‚ analyse volcanos in Alas€a an‚ in the estern volcanos have been ‚iscovere‚ usin Ž‘ˆ A surprisin ‚iscovery as that some volcanos lon thouht to be ‚ormant… are “n‘Aˆ actually ‚eformin an‚ coul‚ eventually eruptˆ2† “n‘A can also be use‚ to estimate the overall ‚amae after an earthŒua€e by comparin built‰up areas before‰ an‚ after earthŒua€e eventsˆ 0 he “o can help ‚evelop location he “nternet of hins š“o› has a stron potential for ris€ mitiationˆ A central intellience an‚ be use‚ for early component of “o are sensors… mostly inbuilt ‚evices that can monitor various arnin communicationsˆ rea‚ins such as of temperature… roun‚ movement an‚ ra‚iationˆ his information can provi‚e early ‚etection an‚ onoin monitorin of events li€e fires… earthŒua€es an‚ ra‚iation lea€sˆ A recent stu‚y foun‚ that the –•‘ receivers in smartphones can ‚etect earthŒua€es an‚ can be use‚ to buil‚ cro‚source‚ earthŒua€e early arnin systemsˆ1 he sensors can also help locate victims after a catastropheˆ Cro‚sourcin platforms are ™nline cro‚sourcin platforms can also be helpful ‚urin crisesˆ ˜or instance… the 2 increasinly bein use‚ in ‚isaster Žshahi‚i crisis map platform as use‚ in the response proram after the Š 5ˆ„  situationsˆ manitu‚e earthŒua€e in žaiti in 2010ˆ “nformation an‚ reports ere athere‚ throuh social me‚ia an‚ text messaes sent via mobile phones an‚ plotte‚ on the map in real time by an international roup of volunteersˆ hese reports… alon ith their specific locations… ere available to anyone ith internet connectionˆ Emerency respon‚ers on the roun‚ soon bean to use them in ‚eterminin here an‚ ho to ‚irect resourcesˆ Another example is ‘afecast … a cro‚sourcin platform in ¤apan create‚ to furnish more availability of public information about contamination after the Šarch 2011 earthŒua€e an‚ tsunami… an‚ subseŒuent melt‚on of the ˜u€ushima ’aiichi nuclear poer plantˆ 28 “Šonitorin –roun‚ ’eformation from ‘pace”… Œ… ‰e‡artment of t€e InteriorŽŒ… ‘eological …urvey… ¤uly 2005… http://volcanoesˆussˆov/activity/metho‚s/insar/public½files/“n‘A½˜act½ ‘heet/2005‰025ˆp‚f 29 “bi‚ 30 he “o is a massive netor€ of heteroeneous ‚evices… mostly battery‰poere‚… an‚ interconnecte‚ via ireless netor€ interfacesˆ 31 “esearchers est ‘martphones for EarthŒua€e ¨arnin”… Œ… ‘eological …urvey… April 2015… http:// ˆussˆov/nesroom/articleˆasp¹“’¬„1‡†¾ˆ´Œ0Œe•5f2u„ 32 Žshahi‚i is a cro‚sourcin platform ‚evelope‚ to map of reports of post‰election violence in Ÿenya in 200‡ˆ he platform has since been use‚ in a rane of situations… inclu‚in the žaiti earthŒua€e of 2010ˆ ‘ee ˆushahi‚iˆcom 33 ‘ee http://safecastˆor/tilemap/ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 1†

‡eeraging technologŒ in disaster management ™pen source platforms can also improve he –lobal EarthŒua€e Šo‚el š–EŠ› ˜oun‚ation is a public‰private initiative to catastrophe mo‚elsˆ promote a‚vances in seismic ha­ar‚ an‚ ris€ assessmentˆ –EŠ is ‚evelopin a lobal stan‚ar‚i­e‚ exposure ‚atabase of property stoc€ ith ‚etaile‚ information on spatial… structural an‚ occupancy ratesˆ –EŠ has been or€in on explorin the possibility of usin ‚ata… typically buil‚in inventory… cro‚source‚ throuh a social me‚ia platform calle‚ ™pen‘treetŠap š™‘Š› to mo‚el earthŒua€e ris€ˆ„ ™‘Š is a free lobal map of human settlements štransport netor€s… buil‚ins… amenities etcˆ› an‚ the natural environmentˆ ‘imilar to ¨i€ipe‚ia… the information is contribute‚ by the eneral public… voluntarily an‚ anyhere in the orl‚ˆ “f platforms li€e ™‘Š ain traction… there ill be an accumulation of ranular location‰specific information available free of chare to the public at lareˆ “nsurers ill be able to inclu‚e these inputs into their mo‚els… turnin hat has‰to‰‚ate been a labour‰intensive ‚ata atherin process more automate‚ˆ ˜or overnments… particularly in emerin mar€ets here systematic ‚ocumentation on the construction of ne buil‚ins in rapi‚ly roin cities may be lac€in… these ‚ata can be use‚ to inform stratey on strenthenin urban resilienceˆ echnoloy can also be use‚ in insurance he aforementione‚ technoloies can also be use‚ in the ‚esin of ne insurance pro‚uct ‚esinˆ solutionsˆ ”elo is an example of ho satellite technoloy can be use‚ to trier ariculture insurance pay‰outs in reions prone to ‚rouht con‚itionsˆ Satellite pasture insurance pilot in “e•ico ‘iss e has partnere‚ ith a local ‘iss e’s Aro einsurance •ro‚uct Center has oine‚ forces ith a local insurer in player in Šexico to ‚evelop a macro‰ Šexico… •rotección Aropecuaria Compañía ‚e ‘euros… ‘A š•roAro› to ‚evelop an level in‚ex‰base‚ insurance pro‚uct for in‚ex‰base‚ insurance pro‚uct to protect cattle pro‚ucers in the event of severe severe ‚rouhtˆ ‚rouht losses to their pastures an‚ ra­in lan‚ˆ he pro‚uct is ‚esine‚ to allo for Œuic€ an‚ timely payouts to the insure‚ so they can buy supplementary fo‚‚er to 5 maintain their her‚sˆ ”ecause it is parameter base‚ … the insurance is operationally more efficient than tra‚itional livestoc€ insurance… hich reŒuires a livestoc€ an‚ farm inspection to establish a claimˆ he pro‚uct is base‚ on N’´“ˆ •ay‰outs he pro‚uct is base‚ on the “Normali­e‚ ’ifference ´eetative “n‚ex” šN’´“›… an are triere‚ if the measure‚ N’´“ value in‚icator of veetation roth con‚itions estimate‚ from satellite imaery… an‚ falls belo a pre‰‚efine‚ threshol‚ˆ hich auments ‚rouht‰monitorin informationˆ he un‚erlyin principle is to establish a historical N’´“ ‚atabase for each ‚efine‚ pixel area on a ri‚ an‚ to calculate the averae N’´“ value for that area over the roin seasonˆ •ayouts are triere‚ if… ‚urin the insurance perio‚… the actual measure‚ N’´“ value in a pixel of a satellite imae of the area falls belo a pre‰‚efine‚ threshol‚ of the historical averae N’´“ value in that pixelˆ he threshol‚ is set at a level to reflect the onset of pasture pro‚uction losses ‚ue to ‚rouhtˆ An‚… to calibrate the in‚ex an‚ minimi­e the inherent basis ris€6 … measurements of biomass in ran‚om samples of roun‚ soil in the pastures are ta€en to verify the fin‚ins observe‚ in the satellite imaesˆ “t ill be pilote‚ in Šay 2016ˆ he pro‚uct is ‚ue to be pilote‚ in Šay 2016 in select states in Šexicoˆ ‘mart use of technoloy can ma€e the his example shos ho… by usin technoloy‰‚riven innovation an‚ or€in orl‚ more resilientˆ closely toether… local sta€ehol‚ers an‚ re/insurers can play an important role in ma€in the orl‚ more resilientˆ 34 “En‚‰to‰en‚ ‚emonstration of the “nventory ’ata Capture ools”… ‘lobal’uakemodel.org… ¤anuary 201„… http://ˆlobalŒua€emo‚elˆor/me‚ia/publication/’AA‰CA•ŽE‰–EŠ‰En‚toEn‚‰“’C‰’emo‰ 201„06‰´01ˆp‚f 35 •arametric insurance pay‰outs are triere‚ base‚ on the physical parameters of a catastrophic event… such as in‚ spee‚… location of a hurricane… or manitu‚e of an earthŒua€eˆ 36 ”asis ris€ is the ris€ that actual losses borne by the buyer of protection ill ‚eviate from the payoffs receive‚ un‚er the contractˆ 20 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

ables for reportin year 2015 Table 5 ƒist of ma or losses in 2015 accor‚in to loss cateory „nsured loss Number as  †ictims as  šin Ž‘’ m› as  “an-made disasters 155 ƒ‚–€ ’€€ƒ 2’–5 —€—‚ 2ƒ–5 “aŽor ires˜ e•plosions ƒ— 1‚–’ 112‚ ƒ–‚ 5’2€ 15–ƒ žotels 1 0 100 ™ther buil‚ins 11 21 ‡„ ™il… as † 10 155 ™ther fires… explosions 10 1 0 “n‚ustry… arehouses 1 „„† ‡† “iscellaneous ƒ0 11–‚ 220’ —–ƒ 2ƒ 0–1 errorism 2 10‡2 0 ™ther miscellaneous losses 10 1102 0 ‘ocial unrest  22 2„ “ining accidents — 2–‚ ‚52 1–‚ ƒ50 1–2 “aritime disasters ‚1 —–— 2ƒ—” €–ƒ 1’”€ ƒ–’ •assener ships 20 225† 65 ’rillin platforms 5 „5 155 ™ther maritime acci‚ents „ 16„ 0 ˜reihters 2 1† 62 ™iation disasters 1’ ƒ–5 ’—5 2–’ 1001 2–” ‘pace 5 0 66„ Crashes † 6‡5 25‡ Explosions… fires 1 0 † ’amae on roun‚ 1 0 „0 Rail disasters šincl– cablewaŒs› 12 ‚–ƒ 1ƒ1 0–5 200 0–5 Natural catastrophes 1€— 5’–1 1€ ‚’5 ”‚–5 2” ”—€ ”5–’ ‘torms 102 2011 20 62„ EarthŒua€es 1 †500 510 ’rouht… bush fires… heat aves 2 „†55 20„ ˜loo‚s 55 252‡ „06 ™ther natural catastrophes 1 50 0 žail  0 06 Col‚… frost 1 21 0 Total ‚5‚ 100–0 2’ ‚5€ 100–0 ‚’ ””2 100–0 ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 21

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 ‚” Table ’ he 20 most costly insurance losses in 2015‡ „nsured loss šin Ž‘’ m› †ictims‡ ate šstart› …ent CountrŒ 2500 to 1 12ˆ0‡ˆ2015 •ort of ian in ‰ explosions at a arehouse storin ha­ar‚ous China 500 chemicals 20‡1 0 16ˆ02ˆ2015 ‘evere inter storm… stron in‚s… heavy snofall an‚ ice Ž‘ accumulations 1„61 1 2ˆ05ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… hail… severe floo‚in in exas an‚ Ž‘ ™€lahoma 120„ 2 0ˆ0„ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘ 1150 ‡† 1‡ˆ0‡ˆ2015 yphoon –oni ¤apan… •hilippines… North Ÿorea 102 – 22ˆ12ˆ2015 ˜loo‚s š‘torms Eva an‚ ˜ran€› ŽŸ… “relan‚ 100† 11 0ˆ0ˆ2015 ¨inter ‘torm Ni€las† –ermany… Netherlan‚s… etˆ alˆ †† – 1‡ˆ0„ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘ †21 „ 12ˆ0†ˆ2015 ¨il‚lan‚ fire “´alley ˜ire” Ž‘ †1„ 1 21ˆ06ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘ ‡‡„  0„ˆ12ˆ2015 Cumbria floo‚s š‘torm ’esmon‚› ŽŸ… Noray ‡50 „ 06ˆ05ˆ2015 orna‚o outbrea€ š122›… hail… stron in‚s… flash floo‚s Ž‘ ns „ 01ˆ0„ˆ2015 ˜ire an‚ explosion on a ‚rillin platform Šexico 55 2‡† 2‡ˆ11ˆ2015 ‘evere flash floo‚s in Chennai “n‚ia 6†1  20ˆ0„ˆ2015 ‘torm šEast Coast ƒo›… flash floo‚s… storm sure… hail Australia 6‡ „ 2„ˆ0„ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘ 65† – 02ˆ0‡ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… lare hail… flash floo‚s… torna‚oes Ž‘ 652 20 0ˆ10ˆ2015 orrential rains brin flash floo‚s ˜rance 66 „ 26ˆ12ˆ2015 hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes šE˜„ an‚ E˜›… bli­­ar‚s… flash floo‚s Ž‘ ns – 1ˆ0‡ˆ2015 –as lea€ at a petrochemicals plant causes an explosion an‚ C­ech epublic ensuin fire ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ† 37 •roperty an‚ business interruption… exclu‚in liability an‚ life insurance losses³ Ž‘ natural catastrophe fiures base‚ on •roperty Claim ‘ervices… inclu‚in National ˜loo‚ “nsurance •roram šN˜“•› losses šsee pae „… “erms an‚ selection criteria” section› 38 ’ea‚ an‚ missinˆ 39 ƒoss numbers for ‘torm Ni€las are ‘iss e estimates base‚ on ‚ata from •erils A–ˆ 22 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Table ” he 20 orst catastrophes in terms of victims 2015 „nsured losses †ictimsƒ0 šin Ž‘’ m› ate šstart› …ent CountrŒœregion ‡†60 160 25ˆ0„ˆ2015 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ‡›… avalanche on Šount Everest… aftershoc€s Nepal… “n‚ia… China… ”anla‚esh  22„‡ – 21ˆ05ˆ2015 žeatave “n‚ia 120 – 01ˆ06ˆ2015 žeatave •a€istan 1200 – 2†ˆ0ˆ2015 žeatave Europe ‡22 – 1†ˆ0„ˆ2015 ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es ƒibyan Arab ¤amahiriya 6† – 2ˆ0†ˆ2015 ‘tampe‚e an‚ crush at the annual ža pilrimae ‘au‚i Arabia „51 – 12ˆ01ˆ2015 ‘evere floo‚s Šalai… Šo­ambiŒue… «imbabe „„2 – 01ˆ06ˆ2015 Cruise ship hit by stron in‚s an‚ rains capsi­es on µant­e China iver „00 – 1ˆ0„ˆ2015 ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es “taly… Še‚iterranean ‘ea †† – 26ˆ10ˆ2015 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ5› Afhanistan… •a€istan… “n‚ia  50 – 01ˆ10ˆ2015 ƒan‚sli‚e –uatemala 00 – 0‡ˆ02ˆ2015 ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es “taly… Še‚iterranean ‘ea 2†1 – 01ˆ02ˆ2015 Avalanches… lan‚sli‚es… floo‚s… heavy snofall Afhanistan 2‡† 55 2‡ˆ11ˆ2015 ‘evere flash floo‚s in Chennai “n‚ia 22„ ns 1ˆ10ˆ2015 Šetro et Airbus A21‰21 plane crashes shortly after ta€eoff Eypt allee‚ly ‚ue to bomb explosion onboar‚ 206 – 15ˆ0ˆ2015 Šonsoon floo‚s exacerbate‚ by tail en‚ of Cyclone Ÿomen “n‚ia 1† – 16ˆ0†ˆ2015 ™il tan€er overturns an‚ explo‚es³ local resi‚ents ha‚ athere‚ ‘u‚an to siphon fuel 1†0 – 0„ˆ06ˆ2015 Explosion at a as station –hana 1 2500 an‚ 12ˆ0‡ˆ2015 Explosions at a arehouse storin ha­ar‚ous chemicals at China 500 ian in •ort 166 – 15ˆ0ˆ2015 Šonsoon floo‚s •a€istan ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ 40 ’ea‚ an‚ missinˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 2

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Table — Chronoloical list of all natural catastrophes 2015 Floods Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 5ˆ1ˆ–†ˆ2ˆ ”olivia… •eru… ƒa •a­… ˜loo‚s cause‚ by heavy torrential rains 2 ‚ea‚ ChuŒuisaca… •otosí… ™ruro… 1000 homeless Cochabamba… ‘anta Cru­ 12ˆ1ˆ–1ˆ1ˆ Šalai… Šo­ambiŒue… ‘evere floo‚s – 52 „ houses an‚ ‡† 110 ha of 2† ‚ea‚… 12 missin «imbabe crop lan‚ ‚amae‚ or ‚estroye‚ in Šalai… 2„‡ 620 homeless 21 ‡0 houses ‚estroye‚ an‚ 1„ 61 houses Ž‘’ „05m total ‚amae ‚amae‚ in Šo­ambiŒue 2†ˆ1ˆ–12ˆ2ˆ –reece… ”ularia… ˜loo‚s… heavy snofall… stron in‚s… lan‚sli‚es „ ‚ea‚… 1 missin Šace‚onia Albania – severe ‚amae to ariculture 110 in ure‚ EŽ 6‡2m šŽ‘’ „1m› total ‚amae ‡ˆ2ˆ–1ˆ2ˆ “n‚onesia ˜loo‚s 6 ‚ea‚ ¤ava… ”ali… ¨est Nusa Ž‘’ 25m total ‚amae enara 1ˆ2ˆ–1„ˆ2ˆ Anola ˜lash floo‚s – 1‡ houses ‚estroye‚… more than 5 ‚ea‚ ƒuan‚a 2000 houses ‚amae‚ Šore than 2000 homeless 2ˆ2ˆ–1ˆˆ Ša‚aascar ˜lash floo‚s – „‡00 houses ‚estroye‚ 26 ‚ea‚ Antananarivo †ˆˆ–12ˆˆ Anola ‘evere flash floo‚s 6† ‚ea‚ ƒobito… ”enuela 10ˆˆ “ran ˜lash floo‚s – †00 houses ‚estroye‚  ‚ea‚ ”an‚ar Abbas Šore than 2000 homeless Ž‘’ 60m total ‚amae 20ˆˆ–1ˆˆ “n‚ia ˜loo‚s – 12 565 houses ‚amae‚ „„ ‚ea‚ ¤ammu an‚ Ÿashmir 25 in ure‚ 2†0 homeless “N 5bn šŽ‘’ 6m› total ‚amae 2„ˆˆ–26ˆˆ Chile ˜lash floo‚s… Copiapó iver overfloe‚ – 201 1 ‚ea‚… 16 missin Atacama… Antofaasta… houses ‚estroye‚… 625 houses ‚amae‚… Ž‘’ „50m insure‚ loss CoŒuimbo ‚amae to copper mines Ž‘’ 1ˆ5bn total ‚amae 2†ˆˆ ”urun‚i ƒan‚sli‚es cause‚ by heavy rains 10 ‚ea‚… 1 missin Šuhuta… ”u umbura 2 ‡0 homeless „ˆ„ˆ–15ˆ„ˆ China emnants of yphoon Šaysa€ brin floo‚s to 52 6 ‚ea‚ žunan… ¤ianxi tons in žunan an‚ to 1† „6 ha of croplan‚ Ž‘’ 20†m total ‚amae – more than 5000 houses ‚estroye‚… more than 10 000 houses ‚amae‚ 2‡ˆ„ˆ Afhanistan ƒan‚sli‚e cause‚ by heavy rains an‚ sno melt 52 ‚ea‚ ¤ero‰”ala… Ÿhaahan… ”a‚a€hshan •rovince ˆ5ˆ–21ˆ6ˆ an­ania ˜loo‚s 12 ‚ea‚ ’ar es ‘alaam… Arusha… 5000 homeless Ÿiliman aro… ana… Ÿaera †ˆ5ˆ Afhanistan ˜lash floo‚s – 1500 houses ‚estroye‚  ‚ea‚ ˜aryab 10 in ure‚ 000 homeless 10ˆ5ˆ–1‡ˆ5ˆ China ˜loo‚s – severe ‚amae to ariculture „‡ ‚ea‚ ˜u ian… ¤ianxi… žunan… Ž‘’ ‡00m total ‚amae –uan‚on… –uanxi… –ui­hou 1‡ˆ5ˆ Colombia ˜lash floo‚s trier lare mu‚sli‚e… ‚ebris flo † ‚ea‚ ‘alar „‡ in ure‚ 2‡ˆ5ˆ–1ˆ6ˆ China ˜loo‚s 1 ‚ea‚ –ui­hou… ChonŒin… Ž‘’ 500m total ‚amae ¤iansu… ˜u ian 2„ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ ˆ6ˆ–5ˆ6ˆ –hana ˜lash floo‚s 25 ‚ea‚ Accra 5000 homeless ÂŽ‘’ 12m total ‚amae 10ˆ6ˆ Nepal ˜loo‚s trier lan‚sli‚e 6 ‚ea‚ aple un ’istrict 1ˆ6ˆ–1„ˆ6ˆ –eoria ˜lash floo‚… lan‚sli‚e an‚ ensuin mu‚flo 1† ‚ea‚…  missin bilisi cause‚ ´ere iver to overflo – nearby properties „5 in ure‚ floo‚e‚… partial collapse of the city’s hihay 00 homeless –Eƒ 55m šŽ‘’ 2m› total ‚amae 16ˆ6ˆ–20ˆ6ˆ China ˜loo‚s † ‚ea‚ –ui­hou… žubei… žunan… Ž‘’ 200m total ‚amae ¤ianxi… µunnan… «he ian 1†ˆ6ˆ–2†ˆ6ˆ “n‚ia Šonsoon floo‚s – 200 000 ha of ariculture lan‚ ‡1 ‚ea‚ ¨estern –u arat floo‚e‚ “N „0bn šŽ‘’ 60„m› total ‚amae 2„ˆ6ˆ–2‡ˆ6ˆ ”anla‚esh ˜lash floo‚s… lan‚sli‚es – 2 26† houses 22 ‚ea‚ Cox’s ”a­ar… Chittaon… ‚estroye‚…  0†0 houses ‚amae‚ 20 651 in ure‚ ”an‚arban Ž‘’ „0m total ‚amae 26ˆ6ˆ–2ˆˆ China ˜loo‚s 16 ‚ea‚ Anhui… ¤iansu… ‘ichuan Ž‘’ 5„5m total ‚amae 15ˆˆ–1†ˆ‡ˆ “n‚ia Šonsoon floo‚s exacerbate‚ by tail en‚ of 206 ‚ea‚ ¨est ”enal… ™‚isha… Cyclone Ÿomen a asthan… Šanipur 15ˆˆ–1†ˆ‡ˆ •a€istan Šonsoon floo‚s 166 ‚ea‚ Chitral šŸhyber •a€htun€ha›… •un ab 25ˆˆ–1†ˆ‡ˆ Nier… ”ur€ina ˜aso iver floo‚s 12 ‚ea‚ Aa‚e­… ’osso… Šara‚i… 5„ in ure‚ Niamey… illabéry… ahoua… 552‡ homeless «in‚er Ž‘’ 1m total ‚amae 26ˆˆ–11ˆ‡ˆ Šyanmar š”urma› ‘evere monsoon floo‚s exacerbate‚ by tail en‚ of 125 ‚ea‚ Chin… a€hine Cyclone Ÿomen – 21 221 houses ‚estroye‚… ŠŠŸ 155bn šŽ‘’ 11†m› total ‚amae „6‡ 66 houses ‚amae‚ 1ˆ‡ˆ–5ˆ‡ˆ North Ÿorea Šonsoon šChanma› floo‚s – 1„ houses 2„ ‚ea‚… † missin North žamyon •rovince… ‚estroye‚ 5„1 homeless ‘outh žamyon •rovince… ‘outh žanhae •rovince ˆ‡ˆ Šace‚onia ˜lash floo‚s… ‚ebris flo… lan‚sli‚es 6 ‚ea‚ etovo † in ure‚ EŽ ‡0m šŽ‘’ ‡m› total ‚amae 10ˆ‡ˆ–1†ˆ‡ˆ Arentina ˜loo‚s  ‚ea‚ ”uenos Aires… ‘anta ˜e Ž‘’ 1„6m total ‚amae 11ˆ‡ˆ–12ˆ‡ˆ “taly ˜lash floo‚s EŽ 102m šŽ‘’ 111m› total ‚amae Coriliano Calabro… ossano Calabro 1ˆ‡ˆ–11ˆ†ˆ “n‚ia Šonsoon rains cause floo‚s – ”rahmaputra iver 50 ‚ea‚ Assam burst its ban€s… 2000 villaes floo‚e‚ Ž‘’ 50m total ‚amae 0ˆ‡ˆ–11ˆ†ˆ Nieria ˜loo‚s cause‚ by torrential rains 0 ‚ea‚ «amfara… Anambra… ‘o€oto… 2000 homeless Ÿebbi… Ÿano †ˆ†ˆ–11ˆ†ˆ ¤apan ˜loo‚in an‚ „55 lan‚sli‚es ‚ue to tropical storm ‡ ‚ea‚ ¤oso š“bara€i›… ochii… Etau – Ÿinuaa iver burst its ban€s in the city of „6 in ure‚ Šiyai ¤oso… 16 houses ‚estroye‚… 102 houses seriously ¤•µ „0bn šŽ‘’ m› insure‚ loss ‚amae‚… 1‡ ‡‡2 houses floo‚e‚… more than Ž‘’ 500m total ‚amae 1000 people stran‚e‚ 1ˆ10ˆ–2ˆ10ˆ “n‚ia Šonsoon floo‚s – ‚amae to ariculture „† ‚ea‚ ‘outhern ami Na‚ul “N 1bn šŽ‘’ 15m› total ‚amae ˆ10ˆ–„ˆ10ˆ ˜rance orrential rains brin flash floo‚s 20 ‚ea‚ Alpes‰Šaritimes… ´ar… EŽ 600m šŽ‘’ 652m› insure‚ loss Côte ‚’A­ur EŽ ‡50m šŽ‘’ †2„m› total ‚amae Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 25

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1ˆ10ˆ–1†ˆ10ˆ “taly žeavy rains… flash floo‚s „ ‚ea‚ ”enevento šCampania›… EŽ 150m šŽ‘’ 16m› total ‚amae ƒa­io… Abru­­o 1„ˆ10ˆ–1ˆ10ˆ ™man ˜lash floo‚s  ‚ea‚ Ni­a… as Al ža‚‚… ”ahla 50 in ure‚ 16ˆ10ˆ–2ˆ10ˆ Aleria žeavy rains floo‚ ‘ahrai refuee camps an‚ 5 000 homeless in‚ouf south‰estern Aleria – 1 200 homes an‚ tents ‚estroye‚ 2‡ˆ10ˆ–6ˆ11ˆ “raŒ ˜lash floo‚s 5‡ ‚ea‚ ”ah‚a‚ 2650 homeless 2ˆ11ˆ–12ˆ11ˆ Ÿenya ˜lash floo‚s an‚ lan‚sli‚es 2 ‚ea‚ Naro€… ”unoma… ale€ ‡ˆ11ˆ–20ˆ11ˆ “n‚ia Šonsoon rains exacerbate‚ by remnants of a ‡1 ‚ea‚ An‚hra •ra‚esh… amil ‚eep ‚epression in the ”ay of ”enal – floo‚in in Ž‘’ 110m total ‚amae Na‚u… •u‚ucherry An‚hra •ra‚esh an‚ amil Na‚u 10ˆ11ˆ–15ˆ11ˆ China ˜loo‚s… lan‚sli‚es ‡ ‚ea‚ žunan Ž‘’ 10m total ‚amae 1ˆ11ˆ–„ˆ12ˆ ‘ri ƒan€a ˜loo‚s – 160 houses ‚estroye‚… 2656 houses  ‚ea‚ ¤affna… Šullaitivu… ‚amae‚ 2600 homeless Ÿillinochchi… rincomalee… •uttalam… –ampaha 1†ˆ11ˆ–2„ˆ11ˆ ’emocratic epublic of iver floo‚ – N’‚ ili iver burst its ban€s 1 ‚ea‚ Cono ‡„‡0 homeless Ÿinshasa 25ˆ11ˆ–„ˆ12ˆ ¿atar… ‘au‚i Arabia ˜lash floo‚s 1 ‚ea‚ ’oha Ž‘’ 120m total ‚amae 2‡ˆ11ˆ “ran ˜lash floo‚s 6 ‚ea‚ “lam… ƒorestan… Ÿur‚istan… “ 000bn šŽ‘’ 2„m› total ‚amae Ÿermanshah 2‡ˆ11ˆ–„ˆ12ˆ “n‚ia ˜lash floo‚s in Chennai – 55 15 ha floo‚e‚ 2‡† ‚ea‚ Chennai šamil Na‚u›… 1000 in ure‚ An‚hra •ra‚esh… “N 50bn šŽ‘’ 55m› insure‚ loss •u‚ucherry Ž‘’ 2ˆ2bn total ‚amae 1ˆ12ˆ2015– Ÿenya ˜loo‚s – several rivers burst their ban€s ‡† ‚ea‚ 6ˆ1ˆ2016 –arissa… Šiori… ”usia an‚  in ure‚ žoma ”ay „ˆ12ˆ–6ˆ12ˆ ŽŸ… Noray ˜loo‚in as a result of ‘torm ’esmon‚  ‚ea‚ Cumbria… ƒancashire –”• 600m šŽ‘’ ‡‡„m› insure‚ loss –”• ‡00m šŽ‘’ 1ˆ2bn› total ‚amae 5ˆ12ˆ–0ˆ12ˆ Arentina… •arauay… ˜loo‚s an‚ lan‚sli‚es cause‚ by torrential rains 20 ‚ea‚ Žruuay… ”ra­il – ivers Žruuay an‚ •arauay burst their ban€s Ž‘’ 200m total ‚amae 22ˆ12ˆ–2‡ˆ12ˆ ŽŸ… “relan‚ ˜loo‚in as a result of storms Eva an‚ ˜ran€ –”• 00m šŽ‘’ 1ˆ0bn› insure‚ loss µor€… µor€shire… ƒancashire… – ivers Cal‚er… ibble… Ni‚‚… “rell… ™use… ˜oss… –”• ‡00m šŽ‘’ 1ˆ2bn› total ‚amae –reater Šanchester an‚ Aire burst their ban€s 2„ˆ12ˆ2015– Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter floo‚ alon Šississippi iver in Ši‚est 1 ‚ea‚ †ˆ1ˆ2016 Š™ š‘tˆ ƒouis›… “ƒ… A… N… – ma or floo‚in in Šissouri… “llinois ÂŽ‘’ 200m insure‚ loss Š‘… ƒA ÂŽ‘’ 600m total ‚amae 26 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Storms Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ „1 ‡ˆ1ˆ–11ˆ1ˆ –ermany… Noray… ŽŸ… ¨in‚storm Elon‰˜elix 2 ‚ea‚ ‘e‚en… ’enmar€ EŽ 2†m šŽ‘’ 5‡m› insure‚ loss EŽ 500m šŽ‘’ 5„m› total ‚amae 16ˆ1ˆ–1ˆ1ˆ Ša‚aascar ropical storm Che‚­a – pump station responsible ‡0 ‚ea‚… † missin Analamana… ´atovavy… for ‚isposal of rain an‚ floo‚ ater collapse‚ Ž‘’ 6m total ‚amae ˜itovinany… Atsimo… exacerbatin floo‚in… 1‡1 houses ‚estroye‚ or Atsinanana… Šenabe ‚amae‚… 1 100 ha of pa‚‚y fiel‚s floo‚e‚ 1†ˆ1ˆ ™man ‘torms an‚ floo‚s Ž‘’ 221m total ‚amae Šuscat 26ˆ1ˆ–2‡ˆ1ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm šnor’easter› ith in‚s up to 2 ‚ea‚ C… ŠE… ŠA… Nž… Nµ… “ 10„ €m/h… heavy sno fall… coastal floo‚in Ž‘’ 50m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ ‡0m total ‚amae 1ˆ2ˆ–„ˆ2ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm… hih in‚s… heavy snofall an‚ 22 ‚ea‚ ŠA… Nµ… C… “ƒ… Š“… “N free­in temperatures – 000 flihts cancelle‚ Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 150m total ‚amae 1ˆ2ˆ–15ˆ2ˆ Afhanistan Avalanches… lan‚sli‚es… floo‚s… heavy snofall 2†1 ‚ea‚ •an shir – 1„5„ houses ‚estroye‚… 11† houses ‚amae‚ †6 in ure‚ Ž‘’ m total ‚amae 5ˆ2ˆ–‡ˆ2ˆ ‘pain… “taly ”li­­ar‚s… heavy snofall… stron in‚s… floo‚in  ‚ea‚ – frost ‚amae to ariculture EŽ 6‡m šŽ‘’ m› insure‚ loss EŽ 150m šŽ‘’ 16m› total ‚amae ˆ2ˆ–11ˆ2ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm… heavy snofall – over 2000 flihts 2 ‚ea‚ ŠA… Nµ… C… “… Nž cancelle‚ Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 00m total ‚amae 1„ˆ2ˆ–15ˆ2ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm… heavy snofall… stron in‚s ‡ ‚ea‚ ŠA… Nµ… N¤… ´A… Š’… “… – 1600 flihts cancelle‚ Ž‘’ 00–600m insure‚ loss C… Nž… •A… ’E Ž‘’ 00m total ‚amae 16ˆ2ˆ–1ˆ2ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm… heavy sno… stron icy in‚s 10 ‚ea‚ ´A… –A… N… NC… ‘C Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 100m total ‚amae 16ˆ2ˆ–22ˆ2ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ‘evere inter storm… stron in‚s… heavy snofall 0 ‚ea‚ ŠA… Nµ… N… Š’… ´A… •A… an‚ ice accumulations – severe ‚amae in Ž‘’ 1–bn insure‚ loss Ÿµ… NC… Š“… “… Nž… ™ž… ‘C… Šassachusetts Ž‘’ bn total ‚amae “ƒ… ’C… ŠE… ´ 1†ˆ2ˆ–20ˆ2ˆ Australia ropical Cyclone Šarcia šCat 5› ith in‚s up to 1 ‚ea‚ µeppoon… oc€hampton… 20‡ €m/h – up to 2 000 houses ‚estroye‚ AŽ’ 5„„m šŽ‘’ †6m› insure‚ loss ”iloela… µeppoon… ”yfiel‚… AŽ’ 50m šŽ‘’ 5„6m› total ‚amae ¤ambin… Šarmor… Šonto… ¿ueenslan‚ ˆˆ–„ˆˆ an­ania hun‚erstorms… lare hail… flash floo‚s – 6„ „ ‚ea‚ Šsalala… ‘hinyana houses ‚estroye‚ 112 in ure‚… 500 homeless ˆˆ–5ˆˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm… sleet an‚ sno fall 1 ‚ea‚ Nµ… •A… Ÿµ… ¨´… A Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 10m total ‚amae „ˆˆ–†ˆˆ “taly ¨inter storm Anton ith in‚s up to 200 €m/h…  ‚ea‚ oscana… ƒiuria… Abru­­o… heavy snofall… floo‚s… lan‚sli‚es – severe EŽ 25„m šŽ‘’ 26m› insure‚ loss Žmbria… Šarche… •ulia… ‚isruption to transport… ‚amae to ariculture… EŽ ‡00m šŽ‘’ ‡6†m› total ‚amae Campania – explosion at as pipeline in Abru­­o 6ˆˆ–1‡ˆˆ “n‚ia ‘evere hailstorms… flash floo‚s – severe ‚amae 2 ‚ea‚ –u arat… •un ab… žimachal to ariculture “N bn šŽ‘’ 106m› insure‚ loss •ra‚esh… žaryana… “N 60bn šŽ‘’ †06m› total ‚amae Šaharashtra… ”ihar… Žttar •ra‚esh… Ša‚hya •ra‚esh… a asthan… ¤ammu ¦ Ÿashmir… ¨est ”enalere 41 ƒoss estimates for ¨in‚storm Elon‰˜elix from •erils A–ˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 2

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ †ˆˆ–15ˆˆ ´anuatu… uvalu… ‘olomon Cyclone •am šCat 5›… in‚s up to 20 €m/h – in 11 ‚ea‚ “slan‚s… Ne «ealan‚ ´anuatu… 20 000 houses ‚estroye‚ or ‚amae‚… 5 000 homeless anna… Erromano… Efate †5§ of ariculture sector ‚estroye‚ an‚ 0§ of ÂŽ‘’ 2‡m total ‚amae ater sources contaminate‚ 12ˆˆ–15ˆˆ Australia Cyclone ™lyn AŽ’ 6m šŽ‘’ „†m› insure‚ loss •ilbara… –ascoyne… AŽ’ ‡m šŽ‘’ 5m› total ‚amae –reenouh… “rin 2„ˆˆ–25ˆˆ China hun‚erstorms… flash floo‚s 2„ ‚ea‚ –ui­hou… ženan… ‘hanxi… 1„‡ in ure‚ ¤ianxi… ChonŒin… Ž‘’ 225m total ‚amae ‘ichuan… ‘haanxi 25ˆˆ Šexico hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes 1„ ‚ea‚ Ciu‚a‚ Acuna 22† in ure‚ 25ˆˆ–26ˆˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms ith in‚s up to 110 €m/h… 1 ‚ea‚ ™Ÿ… A… Š™… Ÿ‘ torna‚oes… hail 15 in ure‚ Ž‘’ 00–600m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 500m total ‚amae 2†ˆˆ–1ˆˆ China ¨inter storm… heavy snofall Ž‘’ 10‡m total ‚amae ibet… Åin ian 0ˆˆ “ran hun‚erstorms… flash floo‚s  in ure‚ Esfarvarin… ¿a­vin 0ˆˆ–1ˆ„ˆ –ermany… Netherlan‚s… ¨inter ‘torm Ni€las„2 11 ‚ea‚ Austria… ”elium… ŽŸ… EŽ †2‡m šŽ‘’ 1ˆ0†bn› insure‚ loss ‘it­erlan‚ EŽ 1ˆbn šŽ‘’ 1ˆ„bn› total ‚amae 1ˆˆ–1ˆ„ˆ Šicronesia š˜e‚erate‚ yphoon Šaysa€ ith in‚s up to 250 €m/h 5 ‚ea‚ ‘tates of› – 600 houses ‚estroye‚ or ‚amae‚… ater 000 homeless Chuu€… µap sources contaminate‚… severe ‚amae to Ž‘’ 11m total ‚amae ariculture 1ˆˆ–1ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–600m insure‚ loss A… Å… Aƒ… ™Ÿ… –A… N… Ž‘’ 200m total ‚amae Š‘ 1ˆ„ˆ–ˆ„ˆ ”anla‚esh Šultiple storms… torna‚oes šNor’ester› – over 5 ‚ea‚ ”ora… a shahi… Naoaon… 50 000 houses ‚amae‚ 200 in ure‚ ‘ira an … •abna… Ž‘’ „m total ‚amae ”rahmanbaria… ’ha€a 2ˆ„ˆ–ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… hail… flash floo‚s 2 ‚ea‚ Ÿ‘… Ÿµ… Š™ Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 20m total ‚amae „ˆ„ˆ–5ˆ„ˆ China hun‚erstorms… hail  ‚ea‚ ‘ichuan  in ure‚ 2500 homeless 6ˆ„ˆ–†ˆ„ˆ China hun‚erstorms… hail Ž‘’ 10m total ‚amae µunnan… ‘ichuan… –ui­hou… –uanxi ˆ„ˆ–10ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes šone E˜„›… 2 ‚ea‚ Š™… “ƒ… NC… “N… ™ž… Ÿµ… Å… flash floo‚s 22 in ure‚ “A… A… Š“… ¨´… ¨“… •A… Ž‘’ 1–bn insure‚ loss ™Ÿ… Ÿ‘… N Ž‘’ 1ˆ6bn total ‚amae 11ˆ„ˆ China ¨inter storm Ž‘’ 1„m total ‚amae žebei… ‘han‚on… ‘hanxi… ‘haanxi 16ˆ„ˆ–1ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Å… ™Ÿ… Ÿ‘ Ž‘’ 1„0m total ‚amae 1‡ˆ„ˆ–21ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 600m–1bn insure‚ loss Å… A… –A… •A… ‘C… Aƒ… Ž‘’ 1ˆbn total ‚amae N… Ÿ‘… ˜ƒ… ™Ÿ… Š‘ 42 ƒoss numbers for ‘torm Ni€las are ‘iss e estimates base‚ on ‚ata from •erils A–ˆ 2‡ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1‡ˆ„ˆ–21ˆ„ˆ China hun‚erstorms… hail… flash floo‚s 2 ‚ea‚ –ui­hou… ‘hanxi… ‘haanxi… Ž‘’ 250m total ‚amae –ansu 20ˆ„ˆ ”ra­il orna‚o ith in‚s up to 20 €m/h 2 ‚ea‚ Åanxere… ‘anta Catarina 120 in ure‚ 20ˆ„ˆ–2ˆ„ˆ Australia ¨inter storm šEast Coast ƒo›… usty in‚s… flash  ‚ea‚ žunter… ‘y‚ney šNe floo‚s… storm sure… hail AŽ’ †50m šŽ‘’ 6†1m› insure‚ loss ‘outh ¨ales› ÂAŽ’ 1ˆ2bn šŽ‘’ ‡m› total ‚amae 21ˆ„ˆ “n‚ia hun‚erstorms… lare hail – 25 000 houses 100 ‚ea‚ •urnia… ”ihar ‚amae‚ Ž‘’ 150m total ‚amae 2„ˆ„ˆ–2‡ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s „ ‚ea‚ Å… ƒA… Ÿµ… Aƒ… –A… ˜ƒ… Š‘ Ž‘’ 600m–1bn insure‚ loss Ž‘’ †50m total ‚amae 26ˆ„ˆ–2ˆ„ˆ •a€istan hun‚erstorms… stron in‚s… flash floo‚s… „† ‚ea‚ Ÿhyber •a€htun€ha torna‚oes 26 in ure‚ •Ÿ 150m šŽ‘’ 1m› total ‚amae 2ˆ„ˆ “n‚ia… žaryana hun‚erstorms “N 6ˆ†2bn šŽ‘’ 105m› total ‚amae 0ˆ„ˆ–„ˆ5ˆ Australia ¨inter storm šEast Coast ƒo›… flash floo‚s „ ‚ea‚ ”risbane… –ol‚ Coast AŽ’ „†m šŽ‘’ 25„m› insure‚ loss š¿ueenslan‚›… Ne ‘outh AŽ’ „20m šŽ‘’ 06m› total ‚amae ¨ales ˆ5ˆ–„ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s 1 ‚ea‚ ŠN… NE… “A… ¨“… Ÿ‘ „0 in ure‚ Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 160m total ‚amae 5ˆ5ˆ–‡ˆ5ˆ China hun‚erstorms… hail „ ‚ea‚ –uanxi… –uan‚on Ž‘’ 00m total ‚amae 6ˆ5ˆ–1ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates orna‚o outbrea€ š122›… hail… stron in‚s… flash „ ‚ea‚ ™Ÿ… Å… C™… NE… ‘’… Ÿ‘ floo‚s – severe ‚amae in ™€lahoma an‚ exas… Ž‘’ 600m–1bn insure‚ loss – flash floo‚ in Nebras€a Ž‘’ 1ˆ„bn total ‚amae 11ˆ5ˆ ”anla‚esh hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes šNor’ester› 50 in ure‚ ˜ari‚pur… •abna 1ˆ5ˆ –ermany orna‚o outbrea€ šE˜› ith in‚s up to † in ure‚ Ÿonstan­ š”a‚en 250 €m/h EŽ 50m šŽ‘’ 5„m› insure‚ loss ‰¨ürttember›… Affin EŽ 55m šŽ‘’ 60m› total ‚amae š”avaria› 15ˆ5ˆ “taly hun‚erstorms š‘torm ˜erox›… lare hail… flash EŽ 10m šŽ‘’ 11m› insure‚ loss •iemonte… ƒombar‚ia floo‚s – ‚amae to ariculture… ‚amae to the EŽ 100m šŽ‘’ 10†m› total ‚amae Šilan Šalpensa airport 15ˆ5ˆ–1ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… hail… flash floo‚s 2 ‚ea‚ Å… ™Ÿ… Š™… C™… Ÿ‘… NE Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 160m total ‚amae 1†ˆ5ˆ “n‚ia hun‚erstorms 2 ‚ea‚ An‚hra •ra‚esh 2ˆ5ˆ ”anla‚esh hun‚erstorms – ‡ 000 houses ‚amae‚… trees 6 ‚ea‚ ’ina pur an‚ electric poles uproote‚ 50 in ure‚ Ž‘’ 1m total ‚amae 2ˆ5ˆ–2‡ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… hail – severe floo‚in 1 ‚ea‚ Å… ™Ÿ… Ÿ‘… ƒA… C™… A… in exas an‚ ™€lahoma Ž‘’ 1ˆ„6bn insure‚ loss –A… ™ž… ‘C Ž‘’ 2ˆ5bn total ‚amae 25ˆ5ˆ Šexico orna‚o E˜… ith in‚s up to 200 €m/h – 2„ 1 ‚ea‚ Acuña… Coahuila houses ‚estroye‚… „50 ‚amae‚ 22† in ure‚ 2‡ˆ5ˆ–0ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… lare hail… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Å… ™Ÿ… C™… Ÿ‘ Ž‘’ 1‡0m total ‚amae 2†ˆ5ˆ–1ˆ6ˆ China hun‚erstorms… hail Ž‘’ 25m total ‚amae ‘hanxi… ‘haanxi… –ansu… ¤ilin… žeilon ian… Ninxia Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 2†

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1ˆ6ˆ China Cruise ship hit by stron in‚s an‚ rains capsi­es „„2 ‚ea‚ ¤ianli… žubei on µant­e iver Ž‘’ 15m total ‚amae ˆ6ˆ–‡ˆ6ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… lare hail… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 00–600m insure‚ loss C™… “ƒ Ž‘’ 650m total ‚amae 10ˆ6ˆ–11ˆ6ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… 1 torna‚o… flash floo‚s 1 ‚ea‚ “ƒ Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ ‡0m total ‚amae 16ˆ6ˆ–1‡ˆ6ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates emnants of ropical ‘torm ”ill cause localise‚  ‚ea‚ Å… ™Ÿ storm sure an‚ ma or river floo‚in in ™€lahoma… Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss exas an‚ ƒouisiana še‚ iver ˜loo‚› Ž‘’ 200m total ‚amae 21ˆ6ˆ–2ˆ6ˆ China hun‚erstorms… hail Ž‘’ 1„5m total ‚amae –ansu… žeilon ian… “nner Šonolia… Ninxia žui… ¿inhai… ‘haanxi 21ˆ6ˆ–25ˆ6ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s 1 ‚ea‚ C™… “ƒ… N¤… Š’… “A… •A… ‘’… Ž‘’ 600m–1bn insure‚ loss Š“… ´A… ¨“… C… Nµ… ’E… N’ Ž‘’ 1ˆ„bn total ‚amae 2†ˆ6ˆ–0ˆ6ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… flash floo‚s… torna‚oes Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss ŠN… •A Ž‘’ 00m total ‚amae ‡ˆˆ “taly E˜„ torna‚o  ‚ea‚ ’olo… ´enice 50 in ure‚ EŽ 10m šŽ‘’ 11m› insure‚ loss EŽ 25m šŽ‘’ 2m› total ‚amae 10ˆˆ–21ˆˆ ”ra­il hun‚erstorms… torna‚o ith in‚s up to  ‚ea‚ •araná… ‘anta Catarina… io 115 €m/h… flash floo‚s –  †00 houses ‚amae‚ † in ure‚ –ran‚e ‚o ‘ul 11ˆˆ–1ˆˆ China š«houshan… yphoon Chan‰hom ith in‚s up to 1†0 €m/h 1 ‚ea‚ «he ian›… aian… ¤apan – in China severe ‚amae to ariculture 2„ in ure‚ Ž‘’ 156m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 1ˆ„26bn total ‚amae 12ˆˆ–1„ˆˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torna‚oes… lan‚sli‚es  ‚ea‚… 1 missin “ƒ… ŠN… “N… Ÿµ… ™ž… N… ¨“ an‚ flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 00–600m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 00m total ‚amae 16ˆˆ–1ˆˆ ¤apan… Šarshall “slan‚s yphoon Nan€a 2 ‚ea‚ ¤•µ 15ˆbn šŽ‘’ 12m› insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 20m total ‚amae 1ˆˆ–20ˆˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss ŠN… “N Ž‘’ ‡0m total ‚amae 1‡ˆˆ–1†ˆˆ “ran hun‚erstorms… flash floo‚s 1 ‚ea‚… 6 missin Albor­… ehran 0 in ure‚ 21ˆˆ–22ˆˆ Cana‚a hun‚erstorms… hail… torna‚oes… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Alberta… ‘as€atchean CA’ „20m šŽ‘’ 02m› total ‚amae 2†ˆˆ–1ˆˆ ”anla‚esh Cyclone Ÿomen brins heavy rains an‚ floo‚in  ‚ea‚… ‡ missin Cox’s ”a­ar… Chittaon… Ž‘’ „0m total ‚amae ”hola… •atua€hali… ”aruna 2ˆ‡ˆ–„ˆ‡ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… flash floo‚s… torna‚oes Ž‘’ 600m–1bn insure‚ loss “ƒ… Š“… ŠA… ¨“… “… ŠE… Nµ Ž‘’ †50m total ‚amae 2ˆ‡ˆ–‡ˆ‡ˆ aian… China š˜u ian›… yphoon ‘ou‚elor  ‚ea‚… 6 missin… „„0 in ure‚ Žnite‚ ‘tates… •hilippines Ž‘’ 100m insure‚ loss Northern Šariana “slan‚s Ž‘’ ˆ1bn total ‚amae „ˆ‡ˆ–5ˆ‡ˆ Cana‚a hun‚erstorms… lare hail Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss Alberta CA’ 150m šŽ‘’ 10‡m› total ‚amae 1‡ˆ‡ˆ–26ˆ‡ˆ •hilippines… ¤apan… yphoon –oni brins floo‚in an‚ lan‚sli‚es ‡2 ‚ea‚…  missin… †„ in ure‚ North Ÿorea Ž‘’ 1ˆ15bn insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 1ˆ6bn total ‚amae 0 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 2ˆ‡ˆ–1ˆ‡ˆ ’ominica… žaiti… ropical storm Eri€a 1† ‚ea‚… 16 missin Žnite‚ ‘tates Ž‘’ 15m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ „50m total ‚amae 6ˆ†ˆ “n‚ia… An‚hra •ra‚esh hun‚erstorms… lihtnin 2 ‚ea‚ ‡ˆ†ˆ–†ˆ†ˆ ƒebanon… ‘yrian Arab ‘evere san‚storm 6 ‚ea‚ epublic „ 0 in ure‚ 1„ˆ†ˆ–1†ˆ†ˆ ´ietnam… Cambo‚ia… ropical storm ´amco brins floo‚s 1 ‚ea‚ hailan‚ Ž‘’ 150m total ‚amae 25ˆ†ˆ–2‡ˆ†ˆ aian… China š˜u ian… yphoon ’u uan – 5 000 ha of croplan‚ floo‚e‚  ‚ea‚… 2 missin «he ian›… •hilippines 6 in ure‚ Ž‘’ ‡m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 516m total ‚amae 1ˆ10ˆ–„ˆ10ˆ ”ahamas žurricane ¤oaŒuin – caro ship oes missin  ‚ea‚ ƒon “slan‚… ae‚ “slan‚ Ž‘’ 61m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ †0m total ‚amae 1ˆ10ˆ–1ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates žeavy floo‚in in ‘outh Carolina ‚ue to žurricane 25 ‚ea‚ ‘C… NC ¤oaŒuin Ž‘’ 00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 1ˆ5bn total ‚amae 2ˆ10ˆ–„ˆ10ˆ China š–uan‚on… yphoon Šu iae – 562 00 ha of croplan‚ Ž‘’ „00m insure‚ loss –uanxi… žainan›… floo‚e‚ Ž‘’ „ˆ52bn total ‚amae •hilippines 2ˆ10ˆ–6ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 00–600m insure‚ loss ‘C… NC… ´A… N¤… Š’… ’E Ž‘’ 500m total ‚amae ˆ10ˆ–„ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss NŠ Ž‘’ 110m total ‚amae ˆ10ˆ–„ˆ10ˆ “n‚ia… Šaharashtra hun‚erstorms 2† ‚ea‚ 5ˆ10ˆ–ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… lare hail… torrential rain Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss El •aso… Å Ž‘’ 100m total ‚amae 1‡ˆ10ˆ–1†ˆ10ˆ •hilippines yphhon Ÿoppu šCat „› ith in‚s up to „‡ ‚ea‚… „ missin ƒu­on 2„0 €m/h… heavy floo‚in… lan‚sli‚es – 1‡ †5 ‡ in ure‚ houses ‚estroye‚… 11‡ ‡‡5 houses ‚amae‚… •ž• 1„bn šŽ‘’ 2†‡m› total ‚amae 0 000 ha of croplan‚ ‚estroye‚ 20ˆ10ˆ–2ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Å… NŠ Ž‘’ 20m total ‚amae 22ˆ10ˆ–26ˆ10ˆ Šexico… šCuixmala… žurricane •atricia brins in‚ an‚ floo‚ ‚amae 1„ ‚ea‚ ¤alisco›… Žnite‚ ‘tates šÅ› to Šexico an‚ exas – freiht train ‚erails in Ž‘ Ž‘’ „m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ ‡2m total ‚amae 2„ˆ10ˆ–25ˆ10ˆ Eypt hun‚erstorms… hail… flash floo‚s – ‚amae to the 6 ‚ea‚ Alexan‚ria city’s seae system Ž‘’ 100m total ‚amae 2†ˆ10ˆ–1ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… hail… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Å… ƒA Ž‘’ 20m total ‚amae 1ˆ11ˆ–ˆ11ˆ µemen Cyclone Chapala ‡ ‚ea‚ Šu€alla… ‘ocotra 65 in ure‚ ˆ11ˆ–„ˆ11ˆ Eypt hun‚erstorms… flash floo‚s 25 ‚ea‚ ”eheira 5 in ure‚ ‡ˆ11ˆ–10ˆ11ˆ µemen Cyclone Šeh – ‡00 houses… 1 poer station 2„ ‚ea‚ ‘ocotra… A‚en ‚amae‚ 60 in ure‚ 16ˆ11ˆ–1‡ˆ11ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss ¨A… “’ Ž‘’ 10m total ‚amae 22ˆ11ˆ–2ˆ11ˆ China ¨inter storm „ ‚ea‚ ”ei in… ian in CNµ 1ˆbn šŽ‘’ 262m› total ‚amae 26ˆ11ˆ–0ˆ11ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨inter storm ith free­in rains an‚ floo‚in 1‡ ‚ea‚ Å… ™Ÿ… Ÿ‘ Ž‘’ 25–100m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 1„0m total ‚amae Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 1

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1„ˆ12ˆ–16ˆ12ˆ •hilippines yphoon Šelor brins floo‚in an‚ lan‚sli‚es „2 ‚ea‚… „ missin Šin‚oro… omblon – †‡ 1 houses ‚estroye‚… 1‡1 116 houses 2„ in ure‚ ‚amae‚ 2‡ 22 homeless •ž• 10ˆ5„bn šŽ‘’ 225m› total ‚amae 16ˆ12ˆ Australia hun‚erstorms… E˜2 torna‚o ith in‚s up to 6 in ure‚ ‘y‚ney… Ÿurnell 200 €m/h… flash floo‚s – ‚esalination plant in AŽ’ 202m šŽ‘’ 1„m› insure‚ loss Ÿurnell ‚amae‚ AŽ’ 250m šŽ‘’ 1‡2m› total ‚amae 2ˆ12ˆ–2„ˆ12ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… hail… flash floo‚s  ‚ea‚ –A… N… “N… Aƒ… Š‘… “ƒ… A Ž‘’ 100–00m insure‚ loss Ž‘’ 1‡0m total ‚amae 26ˆ12ˆ–2‡ˆ12ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes šE˜„ an‚ E˜›… „ ‚ea‚ Å… Š™… “ƒ… ™Ÿ… –A… “N bli­­ar‚s… flash floo‚s Ž‘’ 600m –1bn insure‚ loss Ž‘’ †00m total ‚amae …arthˆua‰es Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1ˆˆ China EarthŒua€e šŠ 5ˆ2› – 220 houses ‚estroye‚… 2 in ure‚ Nansan… Canyuan… 15 ‡00 houses severely ‚amae‚ 2000 homeless –enma Ž‘’ 15m total ‚amae 15ˆ„ˆ China EarthŒua€e šŠ „ˆ5› 1 ‚ea‚… 1 in ure‚ µan­huan 5000 homeless 25ˆ„ˆ Nepal šƒam un… EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ‡›… avalanche on Šount Everest… ‡†5 ‚ea‚…  missin Ÿathman‚u›… “n‚ia… China… ma or aftershoc€s – in Nepal „†‡ ‡52 houses 2„ 000 in ure‚ ”anla‚esh ‚estroye‚… 256 6† houses ‚amae‚… severe Ž‘’ 160m insure‚ loss ‚amae to the country’s cultural heritae Ž‘’ 6bn total ‚amae 12ˆ5ˆ Nepal šŸo‚ari›… “n‚ia… EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ› 11 ‚ea‚ ”anla‚esh 62‡ in ure‚ ˆˆ China EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ„›  ‚ea‚ µil€iŒi… Åin ian 1 in ure‚ 16ˆ†ˆ Chile EarthŒua€e šŠ ‡ˆ› triers tsunami – 2 05 15 ‚ea‚… 1 missin… 1„ in ure‚ “llapel houses ‚estroye‚… 2 „ houses severely 600 homeless ‚amae‚…  01 houses slihtly ‚amae‚… Ž‘’ 50m insure‚ loss 1†1 boats ‚estroye‚ Ž‘’ 1bn total ‚amae 2„ˆ†ˆ “n‚onesia… ‘oron EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ6› – 200 houses ‚amae‚ 62 in ure‚ 26ˆ10ˆ Afhanistan… •a€istan… EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ5› – 2 6‡1 houses ‚estroye‚… †† ‚ea‚ “n‚ia † 12 houses ‚amae‚ 2 1 in ure‚ ”a‚a€shan… žin‚u Ÿush „ˆ11ˆ “n‚onesia EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ› – 1 6‡ houses ‚estroye‚ or  in ure‚ ’ili… imor ‚amae‚ Šore than 2000 homeless “’ „†ˆ5bn šŽ‘’ „m› total ‚amae 16ˆ11ˆ–2ˆ11ˆ “n‚onesia remors – 2 houses heavily ‚amae‚… 1† 2000 homeless ¨est žalmahera ’istrict… me‚ium ‚amae‚… 50„ slihtly ‚amae‚ North Šalu€u •rovince 1ˆ11ˆ Ÿyry­stan EarthŒua€e šŠ 5ˆ› – 222 houses ‚estroye‚… 2000 homeless ™sh ‡6 houses severely ‚amae‚… 1 „01 houses Ž‘’ 12m total ‚amae mo‚erately ‚amae‚ ˆ12ˆ a i€istan EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ2› – more than 500 houses 2 ‚ea‚… 1 in ure‚ Šurhob… –orno ‚estroye‚… † houses ‚amae‚ Šore than 2000 homeless ‰”a‚a€hshan Ž‘’ 5m total ‚amae 25ˆ12ˆ Afhanistan… •a€istan EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ› 2 ‚ea‚ Ash€asham † in ure‚ 2 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Cold˜ rost Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 6ˆˆ–5ˆ‡ˆ •eru ”li­­ar‚s… col‚ spell ith temperatures ‚on to 21 ‚ea‚ •uno… Apurimac… ‰20°C… severe frost – 52† houses ‚amae‚… 100 homeless Ayacucho… AreŒuipa… 1‡†„ ha of aricultural lan‚ ‚amae‚… 1162 ha of Ž‘’ †„m total ‚amae Cusco… žuancavelica… ƒima… crops lost… †12 00 livestoc€ perishe‚ ŠoŒueua… •asco… acna rought˜ bush ires˜ heat waes Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒœregion …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1ˆ1ˆ–1ˆ12ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ’rouht in estern states Ž‘’ 1ˆ‡bn total ‚amae CA… N´… ™… ¨A… “’… Š… Ž… A« 1ˆ1ˆ–1ˆ12ˆ –uatemala… žon‚uras… ‘evere ‚rouht in Central America an‚ the ÈŽ‘’ 600m total ‚amae žaiti… ’ominican epublic… Caribbean ¤amaica… ‘aint ƒucia… El ‘alva‚or 1ˆ1ˆ–1ˆ12ˆ ‘outh Africa… ”otsana… ‘evere ‚rouht in southern Africa ÂŽ‘’ 500m total ‚amae Namibia 2ˆ1ˆ–‡ˆ1ˆ Australia ”ushfires šA‚elai‚e žills› – 2 houses… she‚s an‚ 1„ in ure‚ Šount ƒofty anes… farms ‚estroye‚… 12 500 ha of bush ‚estroye‚… AŽ’ 62m šŽ‘’ „5m› insure‚ loss A‚elai‚e š‘outh Australia› †00 animals perishe‚ AŽ’ 0m šŽ‘’ 51m› total ‚amae 12ˆ„ˆ–15ˆ„ˆ ussia ¨il‚fires – 1000 houses ‚estroye‚ or ‚amae‚ „ ‚ea‚ Ÿha€assia Ž” †bn šŽ‘’ 12m› total ‚amae 16ˆ„ˆ–1‡ˆ12ˆ Europe ‘evere ‚rouht in Europe ÈEŽ 2ˆbn šŽ‘’ 2ˆ„††bn› total ‚amae 1ˆ5ˆ–1ˆ10ˆ China ‘evere ‚rouht in northeastern China CNµ 2ˆ‡‡bn šŽ‘’ „„„m› insure‚ loss “nner Šonolia… ƒiaonin… CNµ 16bn šŽ‘’ 2ˆ„6„bn› total ‚amae ¤ilin 11ˆ5ˆ–ˆ5ˆ ¤apan žeatave 2 ‚ea‚ „‡0 in ure‚ 21ˆ5ˆ–2‡ˆ5ˆ “n‚ia žeatave 22„‡ ‚ea‚ An‚hra •ra‚esh… elanana 1ˆ6ˆ–2„ˆ6ˆ •a€istan žeatave 120 ‚ea‚ Ÿarachi… ‘in‚h 1ˆ6ˆ–1ˆ12ˆ •apua Ne –uinea •rolone‚ hih temperatures… severe ‚rouht 2 ‚ea‚ žihlan‚s 12ˆˆ–15ˆˆ ¤apan žeatave 5 ‚ea‚ 200 in ure‚ 2†ˆˆ–†ˆ‡ˆ Europe žeatave 1200 ‚ea‚ ˆ‡ˆ–†ˆ‡ˆ ¤apan žeatave 2 ‚ea‚ ™sa€a 11 1‡ in ure‚ 5ˆ‡ˆ–2ˆ10ˆ “n‚ia ‘evere ‚rouht Ž‘’ 120m insure‚ loss ™‚isha Ž‘’ 1ˆ5bn total ‚amae 6ˆ‡ˆ–1‡ˆ‡ˆ Eypt žeatave 110 ‚ea‚ Cairo 66 in ure‚ 1ˆ†ˆ–11ˆ11ˆ “n‚onesia ¨il‚fires trier ‚ense smo ha­e 1† ‚ea‚ ¤ambi… iau… ‘outh 500 000 in ure‚ ‘umatera š‘umatra›… Ž‘’ 1bn total ‚amae Ÿalimantan š”orneo› Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ †ˆ†ˆ–1„ˆ†ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨il‚lan‚ fire “”utte ˜ire” – „5 houses ‚estroye‚… 2 ‚ea‚… 1 in ure‚ Ama‚or… Calaveras šCA› „5 structures ‚amae‚… 2‡ 6† ha of forest Ž‘’ 00–600m insure‚ loss ‚estroye‚ Ž‘’ „00m total ‚amae 12ˆ†ˆ–1„ˆ†ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ¨il‚lan‚ fire “´alley ˜ire” – 12‡0 houses… „ ‚ea‚ ƒa€e… Napa… ‘onoma šCA› 2 multi‰family structures… 66 commercial „ in ure‚ properties… an‚ 5‡5 other minor structures Ž‘’ 600m–1bn insure‚ loss ‚estroye‚ˆ „1 houses…  commercial buil‚ins Ž‘’ 1ˆ„bn total ‚amae ‚amae‚… 0 ‡ ha of forest ‚estroye‚ 1„ˆ†ˆ–1ˆ†ˆ Colombia ‘evere il‚fires C™• „6bn šŽ‘’ 150m› total ‚amae ”oyacá… Cun‚inamarca 15ˆ11ˆ–21ˆ11ˆ Australia ƒare bushfires ‚estroy 1„5 000 ha of lan‚ „ ‚ea‚ Esperance… ¨estern inclu‚in vast areas of croppin lan‚ AŽ’ 1m šŽ‘’ 12m› insure‚ loss Australia AŽ’ 150m šŽ‘’ 10†m› total ‚amae 25ˆ11ˆ–2‡ˆ11ˆ Australia •inerey ”ushfires – ‡5 000 ha of aricultural lan‚ 2 ‚ea‚… 1 in ure‚ ”ala€lava… oseorthy… burnt AŽ’ 10m šŽ‘’ 12„m› insure‚ loss ‘outh Australia AŽ’ 200m šŽ‘’ 1„6m› total ‚amae 25ˆ12ˆ–26ˆ12ˆ Australia –reat ™cean oa‚ bushfires – 116 houses AŽ’ ‡m šŽ‘’ 6m› insure‚ loss ´ictoria ‚estroye‚ AŽ’ 100m šŽ‘’ m› total ‚amae ‹ail Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ ˆ„ˆ “n‚ia žailstorm “N ‡bn šŽ‘’ 121m› total ‚amae ”areilly… Žttar •ra‚esh 25ˆ„ˆ Australia An­ac ’ay hailstorm – ‚amae to commercial AŽ’ „21m šŽ‘’ 06m› insure‚ loss ‘y‚ney facilities an‚ to ariculture AŽ’ 500m šŽ‘’ 6„m› total ‚amae 5ˆ†ˆ “taly ‘eries of hailstorms cause ‚amae to ariculture 2 in ure‚ •o­­uoli šCampania›… an‚ vehicles EŽ †0m šŽ‘’ †‡m› total ‚amae Emilia omana… ƒombar‚ia žther natural catastrophes Number o ictimsœamount o damage ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available›… local currency an‚/or Ž‘’ 1ˆ10ˆ –uatemala ƒan‚sli‚e –  houses severely ‚amae‚… 2‡0 ‚ea‚… 0 missin El Cambray ““… ‘anta 111 houses ‚amae‚ 2 in ure‚ Catarina •inula „0 homeless Ž‘’ 5m total ‚amae Note: able ‡ uses loss ranes for Ž‘ natural catastrophes as ‚efine‚ by •roperty Claim ‘ervicesˆ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ „ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Table € Chronoloical list of all man‰ma‚e ‚isasters 2015 ™iation disasters Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 1‡ˆ1ˆ ‘yrian Arab epublic ‘yrian Air ˜orce Antonov 26 plane crashes on 0 ‚ea‚ Abu a‚h ’huhur lan‚in approach „ˆ2ˆ aian ransAsia Airays A 2‰600 plane crashes „ ‚ea‚ aipei after ta€e off 2„ˆˆ ˜rance –ermanins Airbus A20‰211 crashes ‚ue to 150 ‚ea‚ ”arcelonnette pilot suici‚e 2ˆ„ˆ µemen µemenia ”oein „‘• ‚estroye‚ ‚urin a un A‚en battle at A‚en “nternational Airport 12ˆ„ˆ ‘pace ƒoss of contact ith Eypt‰‘at 2… a remote sensin satellite 1„ˆ„ˆ ¤apan Asiana Airlines Airbus A20‰22 plane ritten off 2 in ure‚ žiroshima after har‚ lan‚in 25ˆ„ˆ ur€ey A ur€ish Airlines Airbus A20‰22 catches fire “stanbul on lan‚in 2‡ˆ„ˆ ‘pace ussian “‘‘ resupply craft lost ‚ue to early separation from roc€et †ˆ5ˆ ‘pace Airbus A„00Š plane crashes ‚urin a test fliht „ ‚ea‚… 2 in ure‚ 16ˆ5ˆ ‘pace Šexsat satellite crashes ‚ue to faulty launch 2‡ˆ6ˆ ‘pace NA‘A “‘‘ resupply roc€et explo‚es shortly after Cape Canaveral launch 0ˆ6ˆ “n‚onesia N“‰AŽ ƒoc€hee‚ C‰10” žercules plane crashes 1† ‚ea‚ Še‚an shortly after ta€eoff 16ˆ‡ˆ “n‚onesia riana Air ‘ervice A „2‰00 crashes before 5„ ‚ea‚ ™€sibil lan‚in 1ˆ10ˆ Eypt Šetro et Airbus A21‰21 plane crashes shortly 22„ ‚ea‚ Al‰Arish… ‘inai after ta€eoff allee‚ly ‚ue to bomb onboar‚ „ˆ11ˆ ‘u‚an Allie‚ ‘ervices ƒt‚ Antonov 12”Ÿ caro plane „1 ‚ea‚ ¤uba crashes shortly after ta€eoff 21ˆ11ˆ ‘pace ƒoss of contact ith Amos 5… a commercial satellite “aŽor ires˜ e•plosions Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 10ˆ1ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates… ™hio Explosion an‚ fire at an oil refinery 10ˆ1ˆ ‘outh Ÿorea ˜ire at a multi‰storey apartment bloc€ 5 ‚ea‚ Ži eonbu 125 in ure‚ 11ˆ1ˆ ”anla‚esh ˜ire in a shanty ton 2 ‚ea‚ ’ha€a 2000 homeless 2†ˆ1ˆ Šexico –as lea€ causes an explosion at a chil‚ren’s 2 ‚ea‚ Šexico City hospital 2 in ure‚ 5ˆ2ˆ ŽŸ ˜ire at an electrical plant ‘taverton 16ˆ2ˆ –ermany ˜ire at an animal fee‚ factory echterfel‚ ˆˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ˜ire at a lass‰ma€in facility ’uryea… •A 11ˆˆ ussia ˜ire at a shoppin centre 1 ‚ea‚ Ÿa­an 55 in ure‚ 12ˆˆ ”anla‚esh Žn‚er‰construction roof at a cement factory 5 ‚ea‚ Šonla… ”aerhat collapses 50 in ure‚ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 5

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 1†ˆ„ˆ ”ra­il ˜ire at a pharmaceuticals company ‘ao •aulo 2†ˆ„ˆ ŽŸ ˜ire at a heritae palace –uil‚for‚… ‘urrey 1„ˆ5ˆ •hilippines ˜ire at a footear factory 2 ‚ea‚ ´alen­uela… Šanila 1†ˆ5ˆ A­erbai an ˜ire at a resi‚ential buil‚in 15 ‚ea‚ ”a€u 6 in ure‚ 1†ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ™il spill into channel an‚ on to beaches after ‘anta ”arbara onshore pipeline bursts 25ˆ5ˆ China ˜ire at a home for the el‚erly ‡ ‚ea‚ •in‚inshan… ženan 25ˆ5ˆ ‘outh Ÿorea ˜ire at a clothin arehouse 1 ‚ea‚ ‘eoul 1ˆ5ˆ ‘yrian Arab epublic –as explosion in a hospital „0 ‚ea‚ ¿amishli „ˆ6ˆ –hana Explosion at a as station 1†0 ‚ea‚ Accra 60 in ure‚ 10ˆ6ˆ “srael ˜ire at a chemical plant ’imona 2ˆ6ˆ aian Explosion at a recreational ater par€ † ‚ea‚ Ne aipei City „†0 in ure‚ 5ˆˆ ¿atar “•unch‰throuh” inci‚ent at Al ‘haheen oil ri Al ‘haheen 2‡ˆˆ Eypt Explosion an‚ fire at a furniture factory 25 ‚ea‚ ¿alioubiya 22 in ure‚ 12ˆ‡ˆ China Explosions at a arehouse storin ha­ar‚ous 165 ‚ea‚… ‡ missin ian in chemicals at ian in •ort – 0„ buil‚ins… 12 „2‡ †‡ in ure‚ vehicles an‚ 5 containers ‚estroye‚ 1ˆ‡ˆ C­ech epublic –as lea€ at a petrochemicals plant causes an 5 in ure‚ ƒitvínov explosion an‚ ensuin fire 25ˆ‡ˆ –ermany ˜ire at a hy‚raulics company Neueiler 2†ˆ‡ˆ Cana‚a ˜ire an‚ explosion at an oil san‚s facility Šil‚re‚ ƒa€e… Alberta 0ˆ‡ˆ ‘au‚i Arabia ˜ire at a multi‰storey resi‚ential complex 10 ‚ea‚ Ÿhobar 25† in ure‚ ‡ˆ†ˆ ”elium ˜ire at a foo‚ processin factory 11 in ure‚ Nieu€er€e 10ˆ†ˆ ŽŸ ˜ire at a foo‚ processin factory –laso 11ˆ†ˆ ‘au‚i Arabia Construction crane at a mosŒue collapses ‚urin 111 ‚ea‚ Šecca a storm †„ in ure‚ 1ˆ†ˆ “n‚ia Explosions at a arehouse storin elinite an‚ 10„ ‚ea‚ •etlaa‚… ¤habua šŠa‚hya at a restaurant locate‚ in the same buil‚in •ra‚esh› 16ˆ†ˆ China Ÿin‚erarten chil‚ren trappe‚ by a fire in their 10„ in ure‚ Nin‚e City… ˜u ian buil‚in 0ˆ†ˆ Netherlan‚s ˜ire at a chemical plant –eleen 1†ˆ10ˆ Ž€raine ˜ire an‚ explosion at an ammunition ‚epot „ ‚ea‚ ‘vatovo ‚estroy or ‚amae 10† houses 5„ in ure‚ 0‡2 homeless 2ˆ10ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ƒare as lea€ at a storae facility – state of 660 in ure‚ Aliso Canyon emerency ‚eclare‚ 2 months after inci‚ent… 5„ househol‚s temporarily relocate‚ 0ˆ10ˆ omania ˜ire at a nihtclub… triere‚ by fireor€s 56 ‚ea‚ ”ucharest 166 in ure‚ 6 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› „ˆ11ˆ •a€istan ‘hoppin bas factory buil‚in collapses „5 ‚ea‚ ƒahore 10 in ure‚ 15ˆ11ˆ Šalta –lass banister in a nihtclub collapses 1 in ure‚ ´alletta 2„ˆ11ˆ Aleria ˜ire in a mirant camp 1‡ ‚ea‚ ™uarla 50 in ure‚ 25ˆ11ˆ •hilippines ˜ire in a shanty ton… ‚estroys ‡00 houses 2500 homeless Šanila 2†ˆ11ˆ ‘outh Africa ˜ire in a shanty ton ‚estroys 1000 homes 2 ‚ea‚ „000 homeless „ˆ12ˆ •hilippines ˜ire in a shanty ton 5000 homeless ‘taˆ Cru­… Šanila 5ˆ12ˆ A­erbai an ˜ire at an oil platform  ‚ea‚… 2 missin Caspian ‘ea ˆ12ˆ “n‚ia ˜ire an‚ as explosions in a shanty ton 2 ‚ea‚ Ÿan‚ivali… Šumbai 11 in ure‚ 000 homeless 1ˆ12ˆ ussia ˜ire at a psychiatric hospital 2 ‚ea‚ ´orone­h 2„ˆ12ˆ ‘au‚i Arabia ˜ire at a hospital 2„ ‚ea‚ ¤a­an… ¤i­an eion 12 in ure‚ 2„ˆ12ˆ Nieria Explosion at a as plant 100 ‚ea‚ Nnei 1ˆ12ˆ Žnite‚ Arab Emirates ˜ire at a hotel at time of Ne µear’s Eve 1„ in ure‚ ’ubai celebrations “aritime disasters Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 2ˆ1ˆ North •acific ™cean ”ul€ carrier sin€s off the coast of ´ietnam 2 ‚ea‚… 16 missin ´un au 1 in ure‚ 1ˆ1ˆ Central African epublic ”oat catches fire an‚ capsi­es on iver ™ubanui 10‡ ‚ea‚… 1„ missin N‚imba… „2 €m from ”anui 16ˆ1ˆ China uboat sin€s ‚urin a trial voyae on the µant­e 22 ‚ea‚ «han iaan… ¤iansu iver ˆ2ˆ µemen ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es in rouh eather 5 missin ”ab el‰Šan‚eb ‡ˆ2ˆ “taly ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es 00 ‚ea‚ ƒampe‚usa 11ˆ2ˆ ”ra­il Explosion at a ‚rillin platform 6 ‚ea‚…  missin Espirito ‘anto ”asin 10 in ure‚ 1„ˆ2ˆ ’emocratic epublic of ”oat capsi­es on ƒa€e ananyi€a 100 missin Cono ƒa€e ananyi€a 22ˆ2ˆ ”anla‚esh •assener ferry sin€s in the iver •a‚ma after 0 ‚ea‚ Šani€an ‚istrict bein hit by a caro vessel 1ˆˆ Šyanmar… “n‚ian ™cean •assener ferry capsi­es in rouh eather „ ‚ea‚… 12 missin Naun ’a –yi “slan‚ 2‡ˆˆ –reece ˜ire onboar‚ a hih‰spee‚ ferry hile ‚oc€e‚ at 1 ‚ea‚ ’rapetsona shipyar‚ 1ˆ„ˆ Šexico ˜ire an‚ explosion on a ‚rillin platform „ ‚ea‚ ”ay of Campeche 16 in ure‚ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 1ˆ„ˆ ussia… North •acific ˜ishin vessel sin€s after hittin ice 5 ‚ea‚… 12 missin ™cean… Ÿamchat€a •eninsula… ‘ea of ™€hots€ 1ˆ„ˆ Še‚iterranean ‘ea ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es „00 missin “taly 16ˆ„ˆ Še‚iterranean ‘ea ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es „1 missin off ‘icily 1†ˆ„ˆ ƒibyan Arab ¤amahiriya ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es 2„ ‚ea‚… †‡ missin «uarah… ripoli 2‡ˆ„ˆ Še‚iterranean ‘ea ˜ire on boar‚ a passener ferry ‘pain… Ša orca 5ˆ5ˆ Šexico ™ffshore oil ri tilts ‚urin maintenance 2 ‚ea‚ ”ay of Campeche operations 10 in ure‚ 15ˆ5ˆ ˜al€lan‚ “slan‚s ”loout at an oil ri 11ˆ6ˆ “n‚ian ™cean •assener ferry sin€s in un€non circumstances 22 missin “n‚onesia… Ša€assar ‘trait 2ˆ6ˆ ur€ey •assener vessel colli‚es ith tan€er³ both ’ar‚anelles ‘trait ‚amae‚ 2ˆˆ •acific ™cean ˜erry capsi­es in rouh eather 61 ‚ea‚ •hilippines… ™rmoc City 0ˆˆ “n‚ian ™cean hree fishin boats capsi­e in rouh eather „ ‚ea‚… 2„ missin ”anla‚esh ‘a‚ar… ”hola ˆ†ˆ “n‚ian ™cean… Šalaysia ”oat carryin mirant or€ers capsi­es in rouh 61 ‚ea‚ ‘aba€ ”ernam… ‘elanor eather 1ˆ†ˆ Še‚iterranean ‘ea ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es „ ‚ea‚ –reece… ˜arma€onisi “slan‚ 15ˆ†ˆ Še‚iterranean ‘ea ”oat carryin mirants capsi­es 22 ‚ea‚ –reece… Ÿos 20ˆ†ˆ “n‚ian ™cean ˜ive fishin boats capsi­e in rouh eather „ missin ”anla‚esh… •atua€hali 20ˆ†ˆ “n‚ian ™cean ˜ive fishin boats capsi­e in rouh eather 20 missin ”anla‚esh… ”aruna 25ˆ10ˆ North •acific ™cean žih‰spee‚ ferry hits floatin ob ect 12„ in ure‚ žon Ÿon 0ˆ11ˆ ’emocratic epublic of ”oat capsi­es on ƒa€e Ÿivu 1 ‚ea‚… 22 missin Cono… ”u€avu „ˆ12ˆ –uneshli oil fiel‚… Caspian ˜ire on a ‚rillin platform ‚urin a storm – 10 ‚ea‚… 20 missin ‘ea… A­erbai an 0 people ‚ie in a lifeboat ‚urin rescue † in ure‚ operations… ‚amae to as pipeline 1†ˆ12ˆ “n‚ian ™cean… “n‚onesia… ˜erry capsi­es in rouh eather 66 ‚ea‚… 12 missin ”one ”ay… ‘ia… ‘ulaesi  in ure‚ “ining accidents Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› „ˆˆ Ž€raine… ’onets€ ™blast –as explosion at a coal mine  ‚ea‚ 1†ˆ„ˆ China… ’aton City… ‘hanxi ¨all failure at a coal mine traps miners 21 ‚ea‚ 12ˆ‡ˆ China… ‘hanyan… ‘haanxi ƒan‚sli‚e at a vana‚ium mine buries ‚ormitories † ‚ea‚… 56 missin an‚ three resi‚ential buil‚ins 10ˆ10ˆ China… ‘hanrao… ¤ianxi –as explosion at a coal mine 22 ‚ea‚ 5ˆ11ˆ ”ra­il o ‚ams at an iron ore mine collapse – triers 1 ‚ea‚… 11 missin ”ento o‚riues šŠariana› mu‚flo at a nearby ton an‚ contaminates 6 homeless aterays 20ˆ11ˆ China… ¤ixi… žeilon ian ˜ire at a coal mine 22 ‚ea‚ 21ˆ11ˆ Šyanmar ƒan‚sli‚e at a a‚e mine buries or€ers an‚ ‡0 115 ‚ea‚ žpa€ant… Ÿachin resi‚ential buil‚ins 25ˆ12ˆ Šyanmar… žpa€ant ƒan‚sli‚e at a ol‚ an‚ a‚e mine 50 missin ‡ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Rail disasters˜ including cablewaŒs Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 6ˆ1ˆ ”ra­il rain at a station hit from behin‚ by another train 15‡ in ure‚ ŠesŒuita… io ‚e ¤aneiro 12ˆ1ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates ‘mo€e an‚ electrical arcin acci‚ent at three 1 ‚ea‚ ¨ashinton metro stations ‡„ in ure‚ 1ˆ2ˆ “n‚ia •assener train ‚erails ‚ue to faulty trac€s  ‚ea‚ Ane€al… Ÿarnata€a 60 in ure‚ 20ˆˆ “n‚ia •assener train ‚erails † ‚ea‚ aebareli… Žttar •ra‚esh ‡ in ure‚ 25ˆˆ hailan‚ o passener trains colli‚e 52 in ure‚ •hachi ’istrict 2‡ˆ„ˆ ‘outh Africa o passener trains colli‚e 1 ‚ea‚ ¤ohannesbur 2„1 in ure‚ 12ˆ5ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates •assener train ‚erails ‡ ‚ea‚ •hila‚elphia 200 in ure‚ 25ˆ5ˆ “n‚ia •assener train ‚erails 2 ‚ea‚ Ÿaushambhi… Žttar •ra‚esh 100 in ure‚ 16ˆ6ˆ unisia •assener train hits lorry at an unmar€e‚ crossin 1‡ ‚ea‚ unis †‡ in ure‚ 2ˆˆ •a€istan… ¤am€ey Chattha… Army train plunes into canal after bri‚e 1† ‚ea‚ –u ranala collapses 100 in ure‚ 1ˆˆ ‘outh Africa o trains colli‚e 00 in ure‚ ¤ohannesbur 5ˆ‡ˆ “n‚ia o passener trains ‚erail ‚ue to floo‚e‚ trac€s 0 ‚ea‚ žar‚a… Ša‚hya •ra‚esh 60 in ure‚ 1ˆ11ˆ •a€istan •assener train ‚erails after bra€es fail 20 ‚ea‚ ”olan †6 in ure‚ “iscellaneous Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 0ˆ1ˆ •a€istan ”omb explosion in a mosŒue 60 ‚ea‚ ‘hi€arpur ‡ˆ2ˆ Eypt Clashes at a football sta‚ium 22 ‚ea‚ Cairo 1ˆ2ˆ •a€istan –unmen attac€ an‚ explosions at a mosŒue 22 ‚ea‚ •eshaar 60 in ure‚ 1ˆ2ˆ žaiti žih‰voltae ire hits a carnival‰para‚e float an‚ 1‡ ‚ea‚ •ort‰au‰•rince electrocutes ‚ancers ‡ in ure‚ 26ˆ2ˆ Nieria… ”iu ‘uici‚e bombin in a local mar€et 22 ‚ea‚ ˆˆ Nieria ‘uici‚e bombins at a local mar€et 5‡ ‚ea‚ Šai‚uuri 15ˆˆ •a€istan ‘uici‚e bombin at a church 1„ ‚ea‚ ƒahore 0 in ure‚ 1‡ˆˆ unisia –unmen attac€s at ”ar‚o National Šuseum 22 ‚ea‚ unis „0 in ure‚ 26ˆˆ ‘omalia –unmen attac€s at a hotel 2„ ‚ea‚ Šoa‚ishu 1ˆ„ˆ Ÿenya –unmen attac€s at Žniversity 1„‡ ‚ea‚ –arissa 6ˆ„ˆ Nieria Šass shootin at a mosŒue 2„ ‚ea‚ Ÿa affa 11ˆ„ˆ •a€istan Šass shootin at a construction site 20 ‚ea‚ ”aluchistan Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 †

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Number o ictims ate CountrŒ …ent šhere ‚ata available› 12ˆ„ˆ Ÿenya ‘tampe‚e folloin an electrical explosion at a 1 ‚ea‚ Nairobi university buil‚in 1„1 in ure‚ 1‡ˆ„ˆ Afhanistan ‘uici‚e bombin outsi‚e a ban€ branch  ‚ea‚ ¤alalaba‚ 115 in ure‚ 2ˆ„ˆ–2‡ˆ„ˆ Žnite‚ ‘tates •rotests… riots 10 in ure‚ ”altimore… Šarylan‚ ˆ5ˆ “srael Clashes beteen ethnic roups an‚ the police 5 in ure‚ el Aviv 1ˆ5ˆ •a€istan ‘hootin attac€ on a bus carryin pilrims „5 ‚ea‚ Ÿarachi 22ˆ5ˆ ‘au‚i Arabia ‘uici‚e bombin at a mosŒue 21 ‚ea‚ Al‰¿a‚eeh 50 in ure‚ 1„ˆ6ˆ “n‚ia –as lea€ from a tan€er carryin liŒuefie‚ ammonia 6 ‚ea‚ ƒu‚hiana 21 in ure‚ 15ˆ6ˆ Cha‚ ‘uici‚e bombin at the police hea‚Œuarters 2 ‚ea‚ N’’ amena 100 in ure‚ 2ˆ6ˆ Nieria ‘uici‚e bombins at a mosŒue 0 ‚ea‚ Šai‚uuri 26ˆ6ˆ unisia Šass shootin at a holi‚ay resort ‡ ‚ea‚ ‘ousse 26ˆ6ˆ Ÿuait ‘uici‚e bombin at a mosŒue 2„ ‚ea‚ Ÿuait City 202 in ure‚ ˆˆ Nieria ‘uici‚e bombin outsi‚e a overnment buil‚in 25 ‚ea‚ «aria 2 in ure‚ 1„ˆˆ “n‚ia ‘tampe‚e at a reliious festival 2 ‚ea‚ a ahmun‚ry šAn‚hra „ in ure‚ •ra‚esh› 20ˆˆ ur€ey ‘uici‚e bombin at a ‚emonstration  ‚ea‚ ‘uruç 10„ in ure‚ 10ˆ‡ˆ “n‚ia ‘tampe‚e at a temple 11 ‚ea‚ ¤har€han‚ 50 in ure‚ 1ˆ‡ˆ hailan‚ ”omb explosion at a reliious shrine 20 ‚ea‚ ”an€o€ 120 in ure‚ 16ˆ†ˆ ‘u‚an ™il tan€er overturns an‚ explo‚es³ local resi‚ents 1† ‚ea‚ Šari‚i ha‚ athere‚ to siphon fuel 2ˆ†ˆ ‘au‚i Arabia ‘tampe‚e an‚ crush at the annual ža pilrimae 6† ‚ea‚ Šina… Šecca †„ in ure‚ 10ˆ10ˆ ur€ey ”omb explosions at peace ‚emonstrations outsi‚e 102 ‚ea‚ An€ara main train station „00 in ure‚ 12ˆ11ˆ ƒebanon ’ouble suici‚e bombin… outsi‚e a mosŒue an‚ a „ ‚ea‚ ”eirut ba€ery… in cro‚e‚ area of ”eirut 250 in ure‚ 1ˆ11ˆ ˜rance ‘imultaneous terrorist attac€s at various locations 10 ‚ea‚ •aris in •aris: mass shootins… suici‚e bombins an‚ 51 in ure‚ hostae siee 1ˆ11ˆ Nieria ”omb explosion at a farmer’s mar€et 2 ‚ea‚ µola ‡0 in ure‚ 1†ˆ11ˆ Žnite‚ Arab Emirates –as lea€ at an in‚ustrial ­one – or€ers ‡„ in ure‚ ‘har ah hospitalise‚ sufferin from asphyxia 20ˆ11ˆ Šali… ”ama€o ‘hootin an‚ hostae siee at a hotel 22 ‚ea‚ 1ˆ12ˆ •a€istan ”omb explosion at a ba­aar 2 ‚ea‚ •arachinar 0 in ure‚ 20ˆ12ˆ China ƒan‚sli‚e from a construction aste ‚ump at an  ‚ea‚… „ missin ‘hen­hen… –uan‚on in‚ustrial par€ buries  buil‚ins an‚ causes explosion at as pipeline 2†ˆ12ˆ •a€istan ‘uici‚e bombin outsi‚e a overnment office 2„ ‚ea‚ Šar‚an ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ „0 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Table 10 he „0 most costly insurance losses š1†0–2015› „ „nsured loss šin Ž‘’ m… in‚exe‚ to 2015› †ictims„„ Start date …ent CountrŒœregion † 66 1‡6 25ˆ0‡ˆ2005 žurricane Ÿatrina… storm sure… ‚amae to oil ris Ž‘… –ulf of Šexico 6 ‡65 1‡ 520 11ˆ0ˆ2011 EarthŒua€e šŠ †ˆ0› triers tsunami ¤apan  6 115 2 2„ˆ10ˆ2012 žurricane ‘an‚y… storm sure Ž‘… Caribbean… Cana‚a 2 01 65 2ˆ0‡ˆ1††2 žurricane An‚re… floo‚s Ž‘… ”ahamas 25 12† 2†‡2 11ˆ0†ˆ2001 error attac€ on ¨C… •entaon… other buil‚ins Ž‘ 2„ „55 61 1ˆ01ˆ1††„ Northri‚e earthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ› Ž‘  22 „ 1† 06ˆ0†ˆ200‡ žurricane “€e… floo‚s… ‚amae to oil ris Ž‘… Caribbean… –ulf of Šexico 16 ‡5 1‡5 22ˆ02ˆ2011 EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ1›… aftershoc€s Ne «ealan‚  16 1‡0 11† 02ˆ0†ˆ200„ žurricane “van³ ‚amae to oil ris Ž‘… Caribbean… ´ene­uela 15 †† ‡15 2ˆ0ˆ2011 žeavy monsoon rains… extreme floo‚in hailan‚ 15 2„‡ 5 1†ˆ10ˆ2005 žurricane ¨ilma… torrential rains… floo‚in Ž‘… Šexico… Caribbean 12 252 „ 20ˆ0†ˆ2005 žurricane ita… floo‚s… ‚amae to oil ris Ž‘… –ulf of Šexico 11 51 12 15ˆ0ˆ2012 ’rouht in the Corn ”elt Ž‘ 10 0† 6 11ˆ0‡ˆ200„ žurricane Charley Ž‘… Caribbean… –ulf of Šexico †‡2 51 2ˆ0†ˆ1††1 yphoon Šireille/Noˆ 1† ¤apan ‡‡ 1 15ˆ0†ˆ1†‡† žurricane žuo Ž‘… Caribbean ‡6†1 562 2ˆ02ˆ2010 EarthŒua€e šŠ ‡ˆ‡› triers tsunami Chile… the ‘outh •acific ocean  ‡„6 †5 25ˆ01ˆ1††0 ¨inter storm ’aria ˜rance… ŽŸ… ”elium… Nƒ etˆ alˆ ‡2„† 110 25ˆ12ˆ1††† ¨inter storm ƒothar ‘it­erlan‚… ŽŸ… ˜rance… etˆ alˆ 6‡† 21 22ˆ0„ˆ2011 Ša or torna‚o outbrea€³ „† torna‚oes… hail Ž‘ „26 1 20ˆ05ˆ2011 orna‚o outbrea€… in‚s up to „05 €m/h… hail Ž‘ 6†66 5„ 1‡ˆ01ˆ200 ¨inter storm Ÿyrill… floo‚s –ermany… ŽŸ… Nƒ… ”elium etˆ alˆ 6„62 22 15ˆ10ˆ1†‡ ‘torm an‚ floo‚s in Europe ˜rance… ŽŸ… Nƒ… etˆ alˆ 605 50 26ˆ0‡ˆ200„ žurricane ˜rances Ž‘… ”ahamas 611‡ 5 22ˆ0‡ˆ2011 žurricane “rene… floo‚s Ž‘… Cana‚a… Caribbean 5†5 600 20ˆ0†ˆ1††‡ žurricane –eores… floo‚s Ž‘… Caribbean 5‡5 6„ 25ˆ02ˆ1††0 ¨inter storm ´ivian ‘it­erlan‚… –ermany 5„6 26 22ˆ0†ˆ1††† yphoon ”art/Noˆ 1‡ ¤apan 5„2 – 0„ˆ0†ˆ2010 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ0›… over 00 aftershoc€s Ne «ealan‚  „‡2 0„ 1ˆ0†ˆ200„ žurricane ¤eanne³ floo‚s… lan‚sli‚es Ž‘… Caribbean „‡2 „ 05ˆ06ˆ2001 ropical storm Allison³ heavy rain… floo‚s Ž‘ „„† „5 06ˆ0†ˆ200„ yphoon ‘on‚a/Noˆ 1‡ ¤apan… ‘outh Ÿorea „205 25 2ˆ05ˆ201 ˜loo‚s –ermany… C­ech epublic… etˆ alˆ „12 51 02ˆ05ˆ200 hun‚erstorms… torna‚oes… hail… flash floo‚s Ž‘ „01„ ‡ 10ˆ0†ˆ1††† žurricane ˜loy‚… heavy rain… floo‚s Ž‘… ”ahamas †0 – 2ˆ0ˆ201 žailstorms –ermany… ˜rance ‡†5  01ˆ10ˆ1††5 žurricane ™pal… floo‚s Ž‘… Šexico… –uatemala ‡„ 6„25 1ˆ01ˆ1††5 –reat žanshin earthŒua€e in Ÿobe šŠ 6ˆ†› ¤apan  505 25 2„ˆ01ˆ200† ¨inter storm Ÿlaus ˜rance… ‘pain „1 „5 2ˆ12ˆ1††† ¨inter storm Šartin ‘pain… ˜rance… ‘it­erlan‚… “taly Note: Š ¬ moment manitu‚e scaleˆ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ 43 •roperty an‚ business interruption… exclu‚in liability an‚ life insurance losses³ Ž‘ natural catastrophe fiures base‚ on •roperty Claim ‘ervices š•C‘›/inclˆ N˜“• losses šsee “erms an‚ selection criteria” on pae „ˆ 44 ’ea‚ an‚ missinˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 „1

Tables or reporting Œear 2015 Table 11 he „0 orst catastrophes in terms of victims š1†0–2015› „6 „nsured loss šŽ‘’ m… „5 †ictims in‚exe‚ to 2015› Start date …ent CountrŒœregion 00 000 – 11ˆ11ˆ1†0 ‘torm an‚ floo‚ catastrophe ”anla‚esh 255 000 – 2‡ˆ0ˆ1†6 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ6› China 222 50 10† 12ˆ01ˆ2010 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ0›… aftershoc€s žaiti 220 000 250‡ 26ˆ12ˆ200„ EarthŒua€e šŠ †› triers tsunami in “n‚ian ™cean “n‚onesia… hailan‚… etˆ alˆ 1‡ 00 – 02ˆ05ˆ200‡ ropical cyclone Naris… “rraa‚‚y ’elta floo‚e‚ Šyanmar… ”ay of ”enal 1‡ 000 „ 2†ˆ0„ˆ1††1 ropical cyclone –or€y ”anla‚esh ‡ „„† „0 12ˆ05ˆ200‡ EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ†› in ‘ichuan… aftershoc€s China „ 10 – 0‡ˆ10ˆ2005 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ6›³ aftershoc€s… lan‚sli‚es •a€istan… “n‚ia… Afhanistan 66 000 – 1ˆ05ˆ1†0 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ†› triers roc€ sli‚e an‚ floo‚s •eru 55 60 – 15ˆ06ˆ2010 žeatave… temperatures of up to „0°C ussia… C­ech epublic „0 000 20† 20ˆ06ˆ1††0 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ„›… lan‚sli‚es “ran 5 000 162„ 01ˆ06ˆ200 žeatave an‚ ‚rouht in Europe ˜rance… “taly… –ermany… etˆ alˆ 26 21 – 26ˆ12ˆ200 EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ5› ‚estroys ‡5§ of ”am “ran 25 000 – 0ˆ12ˆ1†‡‡ EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ‡› Armenia 25 000 – 16ˆ0†ˆ1†‡ EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ› in abas “ran 2 0‡6 – 1ˆ11ˆ1†‡5 ´olcanic eruption on Neva‚o ‚el ui­ triers lahars Colombia 22 00 1 0„ˆ02ˆ1†6 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ5› –uatemala 1†  1„ 26ˆ01ˆ2001 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ6› in –u arat “n‚ia… •a€istan 1† 11‡ 1 „22 1ˆ0‡ˆ1††† EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ6› in “­mit ur€ey 1‡ 520 6 ‡65 11ˆ0ˆ2011 EarthŒua€e šŠ †ˆ0› triers tsunami ¤apan 15 000 1„2 2†ˆ10ˆ1††† ropical cyclone 05” in ™rissa “n‚ia 1„ 20„ – 20ˆ11ˆ1† ropical cyclone in An‚hra •ra‚esh “n‚ia 11 6‡ 5‡1 22ˆ10ˆ1††‡ žurricane Šitch in Central America žon‚uras… Nicaraua… etˆ alˆ 1106† – 25ˆ05ˆ1†‡5 ropical cyclone in ”ay of ”enal ”anla‚esh 10 ‡00 – 26ˆ10ˆ1†1 ™‚isha cyclone… floo‚in in ”ay of ”enal “n‚ia 10 000 1 12ˆ12ˆ1††† ˜loo‚s… mu‚flos an‚ lan‚sli‚es ´ene­uela †500 10„ 1†ˆ0†ˆ1†‡5 EarthŒua€e šŠ ‡ˆ0› Šexico †„5 0ˆ„ 0ˆ0†ˆ1†† EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ„› “n‚ia ‡†60 160 25ˆ0„ˆ2015 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ‡› Nepal… “n‚ia… China… ”anla‚esh ‡15 51† 0‡ˆ11ˆ201 yphoon žaiyan… storm sure •hilippines… ´ietnam… China… •alau 0† – 1ˆ0‡ˆ1†6 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ1› triers tsunami in Šoro –ulf •hilippines 6„25 ‡„ 1ˆ01ˆ1††5 –reat žanshin earthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ†› in Ÿobe ¤apan 60„ – 05ˆ11ˆ1††1 yphoon helma šŽrin› •hilippines 6000 – 02ˆ12ˆ1†‡„ Acci‚ent in chemical plant ‰ methyl isocyanates “n‚ia release‚ 6000 – 01ˆ06ˆ1†6 žeatave… ‚rouht ˜rance 5„† „ 2ˆ05ˆ2006 EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ„›³ ”antul almost completely “n‚onesia ‚estroye‚ 5„‡ 50† 1„ˆ06ˆ201 ˜loo‚s cause‚ by heavy monsoon rains “n‚ia 5„22 – 25ˆ06ˆ1†6 EarthŒua€e šŠ ˆ1› “n‚onesia 5„ – 10ˆ0„ˆ1†2 EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ6› in ˜ars “ran 500 – 2‡ˆ12ˆ1†„ EarthŒua€e šŠ 6ˆ0› •a€istan Note: Š ¬ moment manitu‚e scaleˆ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ Cat •erilsˆ 45 ’ea‚ an‚ missinˆ 46 •roperty an‚ business interruption… exclu‚in liability an‚ life insurance lossesˆ „2 Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

erms an‚ selection criteria Natural catastrophes A natural catastrophe is cause‚ by he term “natural catastrophe” refers to an event cause‚ by natural forcesˆ ‘uch an natural forcesˆ event enerally results in a lare number of in‚ivi‚ual losses involvin many insurance policiesˆ he scale of the losses resultin from a catastrophe ‚epen‚s not only on the severity of the natural forces concerne‚… but also on man‰ma‚e factors… such as buil‚in ‚esin or the efficiency of ‚isaster control in the afflicte‚ reionˆ “n this sigma stu‚y… natural catastrophes are sub‚ivi‚e‚ into the folloin cateories: floo‚s… storms… earthŒua€es… ‚rouhts/forest fires/heat aves… col‚ aves/frost… hail… tsunamis… an‚ other natural catastrophesˆ “an-made disasters A man‰ma‚e or technical ‚isaster is his stu‚y cateorises ma or events associate‚ ith human activities as “man‰ma‚e” triere‚ by human activitiesˆ or “technical” ‚isastersˆ –enerally… a lare ob ect in a very limite‚ space is affecte‚… hich is covere‚ by a small number of insurance policiesˆ ¨ar… civil ar… an‚ ar‰li€e events are exclu‚e‚ˆ sigma sub‚ivi‚es man‰ma‚e ‚isasters into the folloin cateories: ma or fires an‚ explosions… aviation an‚ space ‚isasters… shippin ‚isasters… rail ‚isasters… minin acci‚ents… collapse of buil‚ins/bri‚es… an‚ miscellaneous šinclu‚in terrorism›ˆ “n ables ‡ an‚ † špaes „1–„2›… all ma or natural catastrophes an‚ man‰ma‚e ‚isasters an‚ the associate‚ losses are liste‚ chronoloicallyˆ Total losses ƒosses ‚ue to property ‚amae an‚ ˜or the purposes of the present sigma stu‚y… total losses are all the financial losses business interruption that are ‚irectly ‚irectly attributable to a ma or event… ie ‚amae to buil‚ins… infrastructure… vehicles attributable to ma or events are inclu‚e‚ etcˆ he term also inclu‚es losses ‚ue to business interruption as a ‚irect in this stu‚yˆ conseŒuence of the property ‚amaeˆ “nsure‚ losses are ross of any reinsurance… be it provi‚e‚ by commercial or overnment schemesˆ A fiure i‚entifie‚ as “total ‚amae” or “economic loss” inclu‚es all ‚amae… insure‚ an‚ uninsure‚ˆ otal loss fiures ‚o not inclu‚e in‚irect financial losses – ie loss of earnins by suppliers ‚ue to ‚isable‚ businesses… estimate‚ shortfalls in –’• an‚ non‰economic losses… such as loss of reputation or impaire‚ Œuality of lifeˆ he amount of the total losses is a –enerally… total šor economic› losses are estimate‚ an‚ communicate‚ in very eneral in‚ication onlyˆ ‚ifferent aysˆ As a result… they are not ‚irectly comparable an‚ shoul‚ be seen only as an in‚ication of the eneral or‚er of manitu‚eˆ „nsured losses he term “losses” refer to insure‚ losses… “ƒosses” refer to all insure‚ losses except liabilityˆ ƒeavin asi‚e liability losses… on but ‚o not inclu‚e liabilityˆ one han‚… allos a relatively sift assessment of the insurance year³ on the other han‚… hoever… it ten‚s to un‚erstate the cost of man‰ma‚e ‚isastersˆ ƒife insurance losses are also not inclu‚e‚ˆ “”I flood damage in t€e Œ… N˜“• floo‚ ‚amae in the Ž‘ is inclu‚e‚ˆ he sigma catastrophe ‚atabase also inclu‚es floo‚ ‚amae covere‚ by the National ˜loo‚ “nsurance •roram šN˜“•› in the Ž‘… provi‚e‚ that it fulfils the sigma selection criteriaˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 „

Terms and selection criteria Selection criteria sigma has been publishin tables listin ma or losses since 1†0ˆ hreshol‚s ith respect to casualties – the number of ‚ea‚… missin… severely in ure‚… an‚ homeless – also ma€e it possible to tabulate events in reions here the insurance penetration is belo averaeˆ hreshol‚s for insure‚ losses an‚ ˜or the 2015 reportin year… the loer loss threshol‚s ere set as follos: casualties in 2015 “nsure‚ losses šclaims›: Šaritime ‚isasters Ž‘’ 1†ˆ million Aviation Ž‘’ †ˆ million ™ther losses Ž‘’ „‡ˆ‡ million or otal losses: Ž‘’ †ˆ million or Casualties: ’ea‚ or missin 20 “n ure‚ 50 žomeless 2 000 ™dŽustment or inlation˜ changes to published data˜ inormation ƒosses are ‚etermine‚ usin year‰en‚ sigma converts all losses for the occurrence year not iven in Ž‘’ into Ž‘’ usin exchane rates an‚ are then a‚ uste‚ for the en‚‰of‰year exchane rateˆ o a‚ ust for inflation… these Ž‘’ values are inflationˆ extrapolate‚ usin the Ž‘ consumer price in‚ex to ive current š2015› valuesˆ his can be illustrate‚ by examinin the insure‚ property losses arisin from the floo‚s hich occurre‚ in the ŽŸ beteen 2† ™ctober an‚ 10 November 2000: “nsure‚ loss at 2000 prices: Ž‘’ 1 0„5ˆmillion “nsure‚ loss at 2015 prices: Ž‘’ 1 „‡ˆ‡ million Alternatively… ere one to a‚ ust the losses in the oriinal currency š–”•› for inflation an‚ then convert them to Ž‘’ usin the current exchane rate… one oul‚ en‚ up ith an insure‚ loss at 2015 prices of Ž‘’ 1 „2 million… 1§ less than ith the stan‚ar‚ sigma metho‚ˆ he reason for the ‚ifference is that the value of the –”• ‚ecline‚ by almost 1§ aainst the Ž‘’ in the perio‚ 2000–2015ˆ he ‚ifference in inflation beteen the Ž‘ šˆ6§› an‚ the ŽŸ šˆ6§› over the same perio‚ as neliibleˆ Figure — Floods Ÿ …•change rate S inlation Alternative metho‚s of a‚ ustin for 2† ™ctober–10 November 2000 –”•m Ž‘’/–”• Ž‘’m Ž‘’m inflation… by comparison ™riinal loss 00ˆ0 1ˆ„†„ 10„5ˆ 10„5ˆ ƒevel of consumer price in‚ex 2000 †ˆ1 100ˆ0 ƒevel of consumer price in‚ex 2015 12‡ˆ0 1ˆ6 “nflation factor 1ˆ6 1ˆ6 A‚ uste‚ for inflation to 2015 †6ˆ2 1ˆ„‡2 1„2ˆ„ 1„‡ˆ‡ Comparison ††§ 100§ ‘ource: ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultinˆ „„ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016

Chanes to loss amounts of previously “f chanes to the loss amounts of previously publishe‚ events become €non… sigma publishe‚ events are up‚ate‚ in the ta€es these into account in its ‚atabaseˆ žoever… these chanes only become sigma ‚atabaseˆ evi‚ent hen an event appears in the table of the „0 most costly insure‚ losses or the „0 ‚isasters ith the most fatalities since 1†0 š‘ee ables 10 an‚ 11 on paes „1‰„2›ˆ ™nly public information use‚ for “n the chronoloical lists of all man‰ma‚e ‚isasters… the insure‚ losses are not shon man‰ma‚e ‚isasters for ‚ata protection reasonsˆ žoever… the total of these insure‚ losses is inclu‚e‚ in the list of ma or losses in 2015 accor‚in to loss cateoryˆ sigma ‚oes not provi‚e further information on in‚ivi‚ual insure‚ losses or about up‚ates ma‚e to publishe‚ ‚ataˆ Sources Nespapers… ‚irect insurance an‚ “nformation is collecte‚ from nespapers… ‚irect insurance an‚ reinsurance reinsurance perio‚icals… specialist perio‚icals… specialist publications šin printe‚ or electronic form› an‚ reports from publications an‚ other reports are use‚ insurers an‚ reinsurersˆ “n no event shall ‘iss e be liable for any loss or ‚amae to compile this stu‚yˆ arisin in connection ith the use of this information šsee the copyriht information „ on the bac€ pae›ˆ Table 12 CountrŒ CurrencŒ …•change rate˜ end 2015 „‡ Exchane rate use‚ … national currency Australia AŽ’ 1ˆ„5 per Ž‘’ Cana‚a CA’ 1ˆ‡†2 China CNµ 6ˆ„† Europe EŽ 0ˆ†20 Žnite‚ Ÿin‚om –”• 0ˆ6‡„ –eoria –Eƒ 2ˆ†„† “n‚onesia “’ 1 †5ˆ0000 “n‚ia “N 66ˆ2200 “ran “ 2† ‡55ˆ0000 ¤apan ¤•µ 120ˆ250 Šyanmar ŠŠŸ 102ˆ5000 Šalai Š¨Ÿ 65‡ˆ500 Ne «ealan‚ N«’ 1ˆ„60 •hilippines •ž• „6ˆ†200 •a€istan •Ÿ 10„ˆ‡00 ussia Ž” ˆ0‡21 ‘au‚i Arabia ‘A ˆ5 hailan‚ ž” 6ˆ050 aian ¨’ 2ˆ†50 Ž‘ Ž‘’ 1ˆ0000 47 he losses for 2015 ere converte‚ to Ž‘’ usin these exchane ratesˆ No losses in any other currencies ere reporte‚ˆ 48 Natural catastrophes in the Ž‘: those sigma fiures hich are base‚ on estimates of •roperty Claim ‘ervices š•C‘›… a unit of the “nsurance ‘ervices ™ffice… “nc š“‘™›… are iven for each in‚ivi‚ual event in ranes ‚efine‚ by •C‘ˆ he estimates are the property of “‘™ an‚ may not be printe‚ or use‚ for any purpose… inclu‚in use as a component in any financial instruments… ithout the express consent of “‘™ˆ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 „5

•ublishe‚ by: ‘iss e ƒt‚ Explore an‚ visuali­e sigma ‚ata on natural catastrophes an‚ Economic esearch ¦ Consultin the orl‚ insurance mar€ets at ˆsigma‰explorerˆcom •ˆ™ˆ ”ox ‡022 «urich © 2016 ‘iss eˆ All rihts reserve‚ˆ ‘it­erlan‚ he e‚itorial ‚ea‚line for this stu‚y as 26 ˜ebruary 2016ˆ elephone ®„1 „ 2‡5 2551 ˜ax ®„1 „ 2‡2 005 sigma is available in Enlish šoriinal lanuae›… –erman… ˜rench… E‰Šail: simaÊsissreˆcom ‘panish… Chinese an‚ ¤apaneseˆ sigma is available on ‘iss e’s ebsite: ˆsissreˆcom/sima Armon€ ™ffice: 15 Ÿin ‘treet he internet version may contain slihtly up‚ate‚ informationˆ Armon€… Nµ 1050„ ranslations: elephone ®1 †1„ ‡2‡ ‡000 –erman: ’iction A– ˜rench: ithaxa Communications ‘Aƒ ‘panish: ra‚uctores Asocia‚os ´alencia ‘ˆƒˆ žon Ÿon ™ffice: 1‡ žarbour oa‚… ¨anchai –raphic ‚esin an‚ pro‚uction: Central •la­a… 61st ˜loor Corporate eal Estate ¦ ƒoistics / Še‚ia •ro‚uction… «urich žon Ÿon… ‘A •rintin: Šulticolor •rint A–… ”aar elephone ® ‡52 25 ‡2 56„„ Authors: ƒucia ”evere elephone ®„1 „ 2‡5 †2† his report is printe‚ on sustainably pro‚uce‚ paperˆ he oo‚ a eev ‘haran use‚ comes from forest certifie‚ to 100§ by the ˜orest ‘tear‚ship elephone ®†1 ‡0 „†00 212 Council š˜‘C›ˆ ´ipin Ÿ ‘ © 2016 elephone ®†1 ‡0 „†00 2„02 ‘iss e All rihts reserve‚ˆ sigma e‚itor: he entire content of this sigma e‚ition is sub ect to copyriht ith all •aul on€e rihts reserve‚ˆ he information may be use‚ for private or internal elephone ®„1 „ 2‡5 2660 purposes… provi‚e‚ that any copyriht or other proprietary notices are not remove‚ˆ Electronic reuse of the ‚ata publishe‚ in sigma is E‚itor in chief prohibite‚ˆ Ÿurt Ÿarl… žea‚ of Economic esearch ¦ Consultin… epro‚uction in hole or in part or use for any public purpose is is responsible for the sigma seriesˆ permitte‚ only ith the prior ritten approval of ‘iss e Economic esearch ¦ Consultin an‚ if the source reference “‘iss e… sigma No 1/2016” is in‚icate‚ˆ Courtesy copies are appreciate‚ˆ Althouh all the information use‚ in this stu‚y as ta€en from reliable sources… ‘iss e ‚oes not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or comprehensiveness of the information iven or forar‚ loo€in statements ma‚eˆ he information provi‚e‚ an‚ forar‚‰loo€in statements ma‚e are for informational purposes only an‚ in no ay constitute or shoul‚ be ta€en to reflect ‘iss e’s position… in particular in relation to any onoin or future ‚isputeˆ “n no event shall ‘iss e be liable for any loss or ‚amae arisin in connection ith the use of this information an‚ rea‚ers are cautione‚ not to place un‚ue reliance on forar‚‰loo€in statementsˆ ‘iss e un‚erta€es no obliation to publicly revise or up‚ate any forar‚‰loo€in statements… hether as a result of ne information… future events or otheriseˆ ™r‚er no: 20½0116½EN Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 „

‘iss e ƒt‚ Economic esearch ¦ Consultin ŠythenŒuai 50 /60 •ˆ™ˆ ”ox ‡022 «urich ‘it­erlan‚ elephone ® „1 „ 2‡5 2551 ˜ax ®„1 „ 2‡2 005 simaÊsissreˆcom