“onitoring ground deormations rom space “n‘A is a mappin tool of roun‚ “nterferometric synthetic aperture ra‚ar š“n‘A› is a techniŒue for mappin roun‚ ‚eformations usin ra‚ar imaesˆ ‚eformationsˆ o ‚etect chanes in the earth’s surface… to or more ra‚ar imaes of a select area are ta€en from approximately the same position in space… but at ‚ifferent timesˆ ”y bouncin sinals from a ra‚ar satellite off the roun‚ in successive orbits an‚ comparin the imaes… “n‘A can ‚etect even subtle chanes 2‡ in the lan‚ surface – up… ‚on or si‚eays šsee ˜iure ›ˆ Figure ” “n‘A maps rea‚ roun‚ ‚eformation by measurin reflecte‚ echo of ra‚ar sinals from an earth‰orbitin satellite ‘ource: ¤et •ropulsion ƒaboratory… NA‘Aˆ Active… but previously thouht ‚ormant… “n‘A has been use‚ to monitor an‚ analyse volcanos in Alas€a an‚ in the estern volcanos have been ‚iscovere‚ usin Ž‘ˆ A surprisin ‚iscovery as that some volcanos lon thouht to be ‚ormant… are “n‘Aˆ actually ‚eformin an‚ coul‚ eventually eruptˆ2† “n‘A can also be use‚ to estimate the overall ‚amae after an earthŒua€e by comparin built‰up areas before‰ an‚ after earthŒua€e eventsˆ 0 he “o can help ‚evelop location he “nternet of hins š“o› has a stron potential for ris€ mitiationˆ A central intellience an‚ be use‚ for early component of “o are sensors… mostly inbuilt ‚evices that can monitor various arnin communicationsˆ rea‚ins such as of temperature… roun‚ movement an‚ ra‚iationˆ his information can provi‚e early ‚etection an‚ onoin monitorin of events li€e fires… earthŒua€es an‚ ra‚iation lea€sˆ A recent stu‚y foun‚ that the –•‘ receivers in smartphones can ‚etect earthŒua€es an‚ can be use‚ to buil‚ cro‚source‚ earthŒua€e early arnin systemsˆ1 he sensors can also help locate victims after a catastropheˆ Cro‚sourcin platforms are ™nline cro‚sourcin platforms can also be helpful ‚urin crisesˆ ˜or instance… the 2 increasinly bein use‚ in ‚isaster Žshahi‚i crisis map platform as use‚ in the response proram after the Š 5ˆ„  situationsˆ manitu‚e earthŒua€e in žaiti in 2010ˆ “nformation an‚ reports ere athere‚ throuh social me‚ia an‚ text messaes sent via mobile phones an‚ plotte‚ on the map in real time by an international roup of volunteersˆ hese reports… alon ith their specific locations… ere available to anyone ith internet connectionˆ Emerency respon‚ers on the roun‚ soon bean to use them in ‚eterminin here an‚ ho to ‚irect resourcesˆ Another example is ‘afecast … a cro‚sourcin platform in ¤apan create‚ to furnish more availability of public information about contamination after the Šarch 2011 earthŒua€e an‚ tsunami… an‚ subseŒuent melt‚on of the ˜u€ushima ’aiichi nuclear poer plantˆ 28 “Šonitorin –roun‚ ’eformation from ‘pace”… Œ… ‰e‡artment of t€e InteriorŽŒ… ‘eological …urvey… ¤uly 2005… http://volcanoesˆussˆov/activity/metho‚s/insar/public½files/“n‘A½˜act½ ‘heet/2005‰025ˆp‚f 29 “bi‚ 30 he “o is a massive netor€ of heteroeneous ‚evices… mostly battery‰poere‚… an‚ interconnecte‚ via ireless netor€ interfacesˆ 31 “esearchers est ‘martphones for EarthŒua€e ¨arnin”… Œ… ‘eological …urvey… April 2015… http:// ˆussˆov/nesroom/articleˆasp¹“’¬„1‡†¾ˆ´Œ0Œe•5f2u„ 32 Žshahi‚i is a cro‚sourcin platform ‚evelope‚ to map of reports of post‰election violence in Ÿenya in 200‡ˆ he platform has since been use‚ in a rane of situations… inclu‚in the žaiti earthŒua€e of 2010ˆ ‘ee ˆushahi‚iˆcom 33 ‘ee http://safecastˆor/tilemap/ Swiss Re sigma No 1/2016 1†